mirror of
https://github.com/systemd/systemd.git
synced 2026-11-06 05:17:24 +00:00
Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
2b395f0df4
When duplicates were present, the existing code picked the lexicographically earliest entry. This is strange, no other code that combines list in systemd behaves in this way. This really looks like an accident of implementation. In graceful mode, rework the parsing to take the key=value pair that is specified last. Also, rework the code to use a hashmap. This allows the graceful and non-graceful paths to be unified into a single pass. In graceful mode a conflicting tag is replaced by the entry specified later, in strict mode refused. Every valid tag counts towards MACHINE_TAGS_MAX. (The O(n²) complexity in sorting of the tags wasn't great. The tag list is bounded to 1024 items, so this wasn't _too_ bad, but the approach with the hashmap is not much more complicated and has better computational complexity, now the dominant part is O(n×log n) sort that happens later.) For systemd-firstboot this means that a conflicting tag repeated in --machine-tags= or in the firstboot.machine-tags credential is now an error. The duplicated description of tag syntax in systemd-firstboot man page is replaced by a reference. It was already inaccurate previously, after not having been adjust for key=value.
554 lines
26 KiB
XML
554 lines
26 KiB
XML
<?xml version='1.0'?> <!--*-nxml-*-->
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<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
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"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd">
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<!-- SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later -->
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<refentry id="systemd-firstboot" conditional='ENABLE_FIRSTBOOT'
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xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
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<refentryinfo>
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<title>systemd-firstboot</title>
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<productname>systemd</productname>
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</refentryinfo>
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<refmeta>
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<refentrytitle>systemd-firstboot</refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
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</refmeta>
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<refnamediv>
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<refname>systemd-firstboot</refname>
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<refname>systemd-firstboot.service</refname>
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<refpurpose>Initialize basic system settings on or before the first boot-up of a system</refpurpose>
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</refnamediv>
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<refsynopsisdiv>
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>systemd-firstboot</command>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
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</cmdsynopsis>
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<para><filename>systemd-firstboot.service</filename></para>
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</refsynopsisdiv>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Description</title>
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<para>The <command>systemd-firstboot.service</command> unit is one of the units which are used to
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initialize the machine configuration during "First Boot", i.e. when the system is freshly installed or
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after a factory reset. The
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> manager
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itself will initialize
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>machine-id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> and preset
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all units, enabling or disabling them according to the
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.preset</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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settings. <filename>systemd-firstboot.service</filename> is started later to interactively initialize
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basic system configuration. It is started only if <varname>ConditionFirstBoot=yes</varname> is met, which
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essentially means that <filename>/etc/</filename> is unpopulated, see
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
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details. System credentials may be used to inject configuration; those settings are not queried
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interactively.</para>
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<para>The <command>systemd-firstboot</command> command can also be used to non-interactively initialize
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an offline system image.</para>
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<para>The following settings may be configured:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem><para>The machine ID of the system</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>The system locale, more specifically the two
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locale variables <varname>LANG=</varname> and
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<varname>LC_MESSAGES</varname></para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>The system keyboard map</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>The system time zone</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>The system hostname</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>The machine tags</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>The kernel command line used when installing kernel images</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>The root user's password and shell</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>Each of the fields may either be queried interactively by
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users, set non-interactively on the tool's command line, or be
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copied from a host system that is used to set up the system
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image.</para>
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<para>If a setting is already initialized, it will not be
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overwritten and the user will not be prompted for the
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setting.</para>
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<para>Note that this tool operates directly on the file system and
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does not involve any running system services, unlike
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<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>localectl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>timedatectl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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or
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>hostnamectl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
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This allows <command>systemd-firstboot</command> to operate on
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mounted but not booted disk images and in early boot. It is not
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recommended to use <command>systemd-firstboot</command> on the
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running system after it has been set up.</para>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Options</title>
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<para>The following options are understood:</para>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--root=<replaceable>root</replaceable></option></term>
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<listitem><para>Takes a directory path as an argument. All
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paths will be prefixed with the given alternate
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<replaceable>root</replaceable> path, including config search
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paths. This is useful to operate on a system image mounted to
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the specified directory instead of the host system itself.
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</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v216"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--image=<replaceable>path</replaceable></option></term>
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<listitem><para>Takes a path to a disk image file or block device node. If specified all operations
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are applied to file system in the indicated disk image. This is similar to <option>--root=</option>
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but operates on file systems stored in disk images or block devices. The disk image should either
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contain just a file system or a set of file systems within a GPT partition table, following the
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<ulink url="https://uapi-group.org/specifications/specs/discoverable_partitions_specification">UAPI.2 Discoverable Partitions
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Specification</ulink>. For further information on supported disk images, see
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>'s
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switch of the same name.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v246"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--locale=<replaceable>LOCALE</replaceable></option></term>
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<term><option>--locale-messages=<replaceable>LOCALE</replaceable></option></term>
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<listitem><para>Sets the system locale, more specifically the
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<varname>LANG=</varname> and <varname>LC_MESSAGES</varname>
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settings. The argument should be a valid locale identifier,
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such as <literal>de_DE.UTF-8</literal>. This controls the
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<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>locale.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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configuration file.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v216"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--keymap=<replaceable>KEYMAP</replaceable></option></term>
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<listitem><para>Sets the system keyboard layout. The argument should be a valid keyboard map,
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such as <literal>de-latin1</literal>. This controls the <literal>KEYMAP</literal> entry in the
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<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>vconsole.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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configuration file.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v236"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--timezone=<replaceable>TIMEZONE</replaceable></option></term>
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<listitem><para>Sets the system time zone. The argument should
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be a valid time zone identifier, such as
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<literal>Europe/Berlin</literal>. This controls the
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>localtime</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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symlink.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v216"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--hostname=<replaceable>HOSTNAME</replaceable></option></term>
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<listitem><para>Sets the system hostname. The argument should
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be a hostname, compatible with DNS. This controls the
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>hostname</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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configuration file.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v216"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--setup-machine-id</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Initialize the system's machine ID to a random ID. This controls the
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>machine-id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> file.
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</para>
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<para>This option only works in combination with <option>--root=</option> or
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<option>--image=</option>. On a running system, <filename>machine-id</filename> is written by the
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manager with help from
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-machine-id-commit.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
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</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v216"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--machine-id=<replaceable>ID</replaceable></option></term>
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<listitem><para>Set the system's machine ID to the specified value. The same restrictions apply
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as to <option>--setup-machine-id</option>.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v216"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--machine-tags=<replaceable>TAG</replaceable><optional>:<replaceable>TAG</replaceable>…</optional></option></term>
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<listitem><para>Set the machine tags to the specified colon-separated list. Machine tags are labels
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that may be used to classify and group machines for management purposes, for example to identify the
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role a machine plays in a deployment, the fleet or organizational unit it belongs to, or any other
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administrator-defined attribute. This controls the <varname>TAGS=</varname> field of
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>machine-info</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
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See the description in that page for details of tag syntax.</para>
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<para>The tags may later be queried and changed with the <command>tags</command> command of
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>hostnamectl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and
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matched against with the <varname>ConditionMachineTag=</varname>/<varname>AssertMachineTag=</varname>
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unit settings, see
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
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<para>Unlike most other settings, machine tags are not prompted for interactively.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v261"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--root-password=<replaceable>PASSWORD</replaceable></option></term>
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<term><option>--root-password-file=<replaceable>PATH</replaceable></option></term>
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<term><option>--root-password-hashed=<replaceable>HASHED_PASSWORD</replaceable></option></term>
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<listitem><para>Sets the password of the system's root user. This creates/modifies the
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<citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> and
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<citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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files. This setting exists in three forms: <option>--root-password=</option> accepts the password to
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set directly on the command line, <option>--root-password-file=</option> reads it from a file and
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<option>--root-password-hashed=</option> accepts an already hashed password on the command line. See
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<citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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for more information on the format of the hashed password. Note that it is not recommended to specify
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plaintext passwords on the command line, as other users might be able to see them simply by invoking
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<citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>ps</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
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</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v216"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--root-shell=<replaceable>SHELL</replaceable></option></term>
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<listitem><para>Sets the shell of the system's root user. This creates/modifies the
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<citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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file.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v246"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--kernel-command-line=<replaceable>CMDLINE</replaceable></option></term>
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<listitem><para>Sets the system's kernel command line. This controls the
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<filename>/etc/kernel/cmdline</filename> file which is used by
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>kernel-install</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
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</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v246"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--prompt-locale</option></term>
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<term><option>--prompt-keymap</option></term>
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<term><option>--prompt-timezone</option></term>
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<term><option>--prompt-hostname</option></term>
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<term><option>--prompt-root-password</option></term>
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<term><option>--prompt-root-shell</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Prompt the user interactively for a specific
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basic setting. Note that any explicit configuration settings
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specified on the command line take precedence, and the user is
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not prompted for it.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v216"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--prompt</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Query the user for locale, keymap, timezone, hostname,
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root's password, and root's shell. This is equivalent to specifying
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<option>--prompt-locale</option>,
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<option>--prompt-keymap</option>,
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<option>--prompt-timezone</option>,
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<option>--prompt-hostname</option>,
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<option>--prompt-root-password</option>,
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<option>--prompt-root-shell</option> in combination.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v216"/>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--prompt-keymap-auto</option></term>
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<listitem><para>If invoked from a virtual terminal TTY equivalent to
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<option>--prompt-keymap</option>, otherwise has no effect. Or in other words, only prompts
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interactively for a keymap if a local keyboard is used for interactivity that requires it.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v259"/>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--copy-locale</option></term>
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<term><option>--copy-keymap</option></term>
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<term><option>--copy-timezone</option></term>
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<term><option>--copy-root-password</option></term>
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<term><option>--copy-root-shell</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Copy a specific basic setting from the host.
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This only works in combination with <option>--root=</option> or <option>--image=</option>.
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</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v216"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--copy</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Copy locale, keymap, time zone, root password and shell from the host. This is
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equivalent to specifying
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<option>--copy-locale</option>,
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<option>--copy-keymap</option>,
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<option>--copy-timezone</option>,
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<option>--copy-root-password</option>,
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<option>--copy-root-shell</option> in combination.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v216"/>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--force</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Write configuration even if the relevant files already exist. Without this option,
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<command>systemd-firstboot</command> does not modify or replace existing files. Note that when
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configuring the root account, even with this option, <command>systemd-firstboot</command> only
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modifies the entry of the <literal>root</literal> user, leaving other entries in
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<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> intact.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v246"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--reset</option></term>
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<listitem><para>If specified, all existing files that are configured by
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<command>systemd-firstboot</command> are removed. Note that the files are removed regardless of
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whether they'll be configured with a new value or not. This operation ensures that the next boot of
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the image will be considered a first boot, and <command>systemd-firstboot</command> will prompt again
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to configure each of the removed files.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v254"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--delete-root-password</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Removes the password of the system's root user, enabling login as root without a
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password unless the root account is locked. Note that this is extremely insecure and hence this
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option should not be used lightly.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v246"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--welcome=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. By default, when prompting the user for configuration
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options a brief welcome text is shown before the first question is asked. Pass false to this option
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to turn off the welcome text.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v246"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--chrome=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. By default the initial setup screen will show reverse color
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"chrome" bars at the top and the bottom of the terminal screen, which may be disabled by setting
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this option to false.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v259"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--mute-console=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If true kernel log output and service manager status output
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to the system console is temporarily disabled while <command>systemd-firstboot</command> is running,
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so that its own output is not interrupted. Defaults to false.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v259"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="help" />
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<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="version" />
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</variablelist>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Credentials</title>
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<para><command>systemd-firstboot</command> supports the service credentials logic as implemented by
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<varname>ImportCredential=</varname>/<varname>LoadCredential=</varname>/<varname>SetCredential=</varname>
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(see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
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details). The following credentials are used when passed in:</para>
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<variablelist class='system-credentials'>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><varname>passwd.hashed-password.root</varname></term>
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<term><varname>passwd.plaintext-password.root</varname></term>
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<listitem><para>A hashed or plaintext version of the root password to use, in place of prompting the
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user. These credentials are equivalent to the same ones defined for the
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-sysusers.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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service.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v249"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><varname>passwd.shell.root</varname></term>
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<listitem><para>Specifies the shell binary to use for the specified account.
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Equivalent to the credential of the same name defined for the
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-sysusers.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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service.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v249"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><varname>firstboot.locale</varname></term>
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<term><varname>firstboot.locale-messages</varname></term>
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<listitem><para>These credentials specify the locale settings to set during first boot, in place of
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prompting the user.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v249"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><varname>firstboot.keymap</varname></term>
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<listitem><para>This credential specifies the keyboard setting to set during first boot, in place of
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prompting the user.</para>
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<para>Note the relationship to the <varname>vconsole.keymap</varname> credential understood by
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-vconsole-setup.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>:
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both ultimately affect the same setting, but <varname>firstboot.keymap</varname> is written into
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<filename>/etc/vconsole.conf</filename> on first boot (if not already configured), and then read from
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there by <command>systemd-vconsole-setup</command>, while <varname>vconsole.keymap</varname> is read
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on every boot, and is not persisted to disk (but any configuration in
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<filename>vconsole.conf</filename> will take precedence if present).</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v249"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><varname>firstboot.timezone</varname></term>
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<listitem><para>This credential specifies the system timezone setting to set during first boot, in
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place of prompting the user.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v249"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><varname>firstboot.hostname</varname></term>
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<listitem><para>This credential specifies the static system hostname to set during first boot. The
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user will not be prompted for the hostname. Note that this controls the static hostname, not the
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transient hostname, and only has an effect on first boot, unlike
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<varname>system.hostname</varname>.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v261"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><varname>firstboot.machine-tags</varname></term>
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<listitem><para>This credential specifies the machine tags to set during first boot, as a
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colon-separated list, equivalent to the <option>--machine-tags=</option> switch described above. The
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tags are written into the <varname>TAGS=</varname> field of <filename>/etc/machine-info</filename>
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(if that file is not already present), and only have an effect on first boot. If the list contains
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invalid tags it is ignored in its entirety.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v261"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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</variablelist>
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<para>Note that by default the <filename>systemd-firstboot.service</filename> unit file is set up to
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inherit the listed credentials
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from the service manager. Thus, when invoking a container with an unpopulated <filename>/etc/</filename>
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for the first time it is possible to configure the root user's password to be <literal>systemd</literal>
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like this:</para>
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<para><programlisting># systemd-nspawn --image=… --set-credential=firstboot.locale:de_DE.UTF-8 …</programlisting></para>
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<para>Note that these credentials are only read and applied during the first boot. Once they are applied
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they remain applied for subsequent boots, and the credentials are not considered anymore.</para>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Exit status</title>
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<para>On success, 0 is returned, a non-zero failure code
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otherwise.</para>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Kernel Command Line</title>
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<variablelist class='kernel-commandline-options'>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><varname>systemd.firstboot=</varname></term>
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<listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument or the special value <literal>headless</literal>, defaults to
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on. If off, <filename>systemd-firstboot.service</filename> will not interactively query the user for
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basic settings at first boot, even if those settings are not initialized yet. If set to
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<literal>headless</literal>, interactive prompts are suppressed just like with <literal>no</literal>,
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but non-interactive auto-configuration that requires no user input is still performed (for example,
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selecting the sole installed locale, or applying settings passed in via credentials).</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v233"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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</variablelist>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
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<title>See Also</title>
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<para><simplelist type="inline">
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<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
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<member><citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>locale.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
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<member><citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>vconsole.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
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<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>localtime</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
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<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>hostname</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
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<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>machine-id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
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<member><citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
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<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-machine-id-setup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
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<member><citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>localectl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
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<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>timedatectl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
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<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>hostnamectl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
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</simplelist></para>
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</refsect1>
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</refentry>
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