diff --git a/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.varlinkctl-unit-enqueue-job.sh b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.varlinkctl-unit-enqueue-job.sh
new file mode 100755
index 00000000000..f84f0fdde49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.varlinkctl-unit-enqueue-job.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+set -eux
+set -o pipefail
+
+# shellcheck source=test/units/test-control.sh
+. "$(dirname "$0")"/test-control.sh
+
+at_exit() {
+    systemctl stop varlink-test-enqueue{,-2}.service varlink-test-slow.service 2>/dev/null || true
+    if [[ -n ${watcher_pid:-} ]]; then
+        kill "$watcher_pid" 2>/dev/null || true
+        wait "$watcher_pid" 2>/dev/null || true
+    fi
+    rm -f /run/systemd/system/varlink-test-enqueue{,-2}.service /run/systemd/system/varlink-test-slow.service
+    rm -f /tmp/enqueue-notifications.json
+    systemctl daemon-reload
+}
+
+testcase_transactions() {
+    trap at_exit EXIT
+
+    for unit in varlink-test-enqueue{,-2}.service; do
+        cat >"/run/systemd/system/$unit" <<UNIT
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+ExecStart=true
+RemainAfterExit=yes
+UNIT
+    done
+    systemctl daemon-reload
+
+    # Non-streaming start with an explicit job mode.
+    varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.EnqueueJob '{"names": ["varlink-test-enqueue.service"], "jobType": "start", "mode": "fail"}' | jq -e '.context and .runtime and .job.Id and .job.JobType == "start"'
+    timeout 10 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-test-enqueue.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
+
+    # Streaming restart waits for completion.
+    varlinkctl call --collect /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.EnqueueJob '{"names": ["varlink-test-enqueue.service"], "jobType": "restart", "notifyJobChanges": true}' | jq -e 'length > 1 and .[0].job.JobType == "restart" and .[-1].job.Result == "done" and .[-1].context and .[-1].runtime'
+    systemctl is-active varlink-test-enqueue.service
+
+    varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.EnqueueJob '{"names": ["varlink-test-enqueue.service"], "jobType": "stop"}' | jq -e '.job.JobType == "stop"'
+    timeout 10 bash -c 'until systemctl show -P ActiveState varlink-test-enqueue.service | grep inactive >/dev/null; do sleep 0.5; done'
+
+    # Multiple units share a transaction and receive one reply per job.
+    varlinkctl call --collect /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.EnqueueJob '{"names": ["varlink-test-enqueue.service", "varlink-test-enqueue-2.service"], "jobType": "start"}' | jq -e 'length == 2 and all(.[]; .context and .runtime and .job.Id) and ([.[].job.Unit] | sort == ["varlink-test-enqueue-2.service", "varlink-test-enqueue.service"])'
+    timeout 10 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-test-enqueue.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
+    timeout 10 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-test-enqueue-2.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
+    systemctl stop varlink-test-enqueue{,-2}.service
+
+    # Multiple replies require 'more'.
+    (! varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.EnqueueJob '{"names": ["varlink-test-enqueue.service", "varlink-test-enqueue-2.service"], "jobType": "start"}')
+
+    # A missing unit rejects the entire transaction.
+    (! varlinkctl call --more /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.EnqueueJob '{"names": ["varlink-test-enqueue.service", "non-existent.service"], "jobType": "start"}')
+    (! systemctl is-active varlink-test-enqueue.service)
+
+    # Notifications require 'more' and a single unit.
+    (! varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.EnqueueJob '{"names": ["varlink-test-enqueue.service"], "jobType": "start", "notifyJobChanges": true}')
+    (! varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.EnqueueJob '{"names": ["varlink-test-enqueue.service"], "jobType": "start", "notifyUnitChanges": true}')
+
+    (! varlinkctl call --more /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.EnqueueJob '{"names": ["varlink-test-enqueue.service", "varlink-test-enqueue-2.service"], "jobType": "start", "notifyJobChanges": true}')
+
+    # Error cases
+    (! varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.EnqueueJob '{"names": ["invalid-unit-name"], "jobType": "start"}')
+    (! varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.EnqueueJob '{"names": [], "jobType": "start"}')
+}
+
+testcase_coalesced_watcher() {
+    trap at_exit EXIT
+
+    # Coalesced jobs must reject a second watcher.
+    cat >/run/systemd/system/varlink-test-slow.service <<UNIT
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+ExecStart=/usr/bin/sleep infinity
+RemainAfterExit=yes
+UNIT
+    systemctl daemon-reload
+
+    varlinkctl call --more /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.EnqueueJob \
+        '{"names": ["varlink-test-slow.service"], "jobType": "start", "notifyJobChanges": true}' >/dev/null 2>&1 &
+    watcher_pid=$!
+
+    # Wait for the first watcher to attach.
+    timeout 10 bash -c 'until systemctl show -P ActiveState varlink-test-slow.service | grep activating >/dev/null; do sleep 0.5; done'
+
+    set +o pipefail
+    varlinkctl call --more /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.EnqueueJob \
+        '{"names": ["varlink-test-slow.service"], "jobType": "start", "notifyJobChanges": true}' |& grep "io.systemd.Unit.AlreadyBeingWatched"
+    set -o pipefail
+
+    systemctl stop varlink-test-slow.service
+    wait "$watcher_pid" 2>/dev/null || true
+    watcher_pid=
+}
+
+testcase_nop_subscription() {
+    trap at_exit EXIT
+
+    cat >/run/systemd/system/varlink-test-slow.service <<UNIT
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+ExecStart=/usr/bin/sleep infinity
+RemainAfterExit=yes
+UNIT
+    systemctl daemon-reload
+
+    # Completing a NOP job must preserve the regular job's unit subscription.
+    varlinkctl --json=short call --more /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.EnqueueJob \
+        '{"names": ["varlink-test-slow.service"], "jobType": "start", "notifyUnitChanges": true}' >/tmp/enqueue-notifications.json &
+    watcher_pid=$!
+
+    timeout 10 bash -c 'until systemctl show -P ActiveState varlink-test-slow.service | grep activating >/dev/null; do sleep 0.5; done'
+
+    # The pending start job keeps the stream open; each line is a unit notification.
+    sleep 1
+    notifications=$(wc -l </tmp/enqueue-notifications.json)
+
+    # NOP uses a separate job slot and completes immediately.
+    varlinkctl call --more /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.EnqueueJob \
+        '{"names": ["varlink-test-slow.service"], "jobType": "nop", "notifyJobChanges": true}' >/dev/null
+
+    # NOP removal must still trigger a unit notification.
+    for _ in {1..20}; do
+        [[ "$(wc -l </tmp/enqueue-notifications.json)" -gt "$notifications" ]] && break
+        sleep 0.1
+    done
+    [[ "$(wc -l </tmp/enqueue-notifications.json)" -gt "$notifications" ]]
+
+    systemctl stop varlink-test-slow.service
+    wait "$watcher_pid" 2>/dev/null || true
+    watcher_pid=
+}
+
+run_testcases
diff --git a/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.varlinkctl-unit-start-transient.sh b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.varlinkctl-unit-start-transient.sh
new file mode 100755
index 00000000000..95b26cb8c15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.varlinkctl-unit-start-transient.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,726 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+set -eux
+set -o pipefail
+
+# shellcheck source=test/units/test-control.sh
+. "$(dirname "$0")"/test-control.sh
+
+MANAGER_SOCKET="/run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager"
+
+at_exit() {
+    local u pid
+
+    for u in "${TRANSIENT_UNITS[@]}"; do
+        systemctl stop "$u" 2>/dev/null || true
+        systemctl reset-failed "$u" 2>/dev/null || true
+    done
+    for pid in "${CHILD_PIDS[@]}"; do
+        kill "$pid" 2>/dev/null || true
+        wait "$pid" 2>/dev/null || true
+    done
+    rm -f "${TEMP_FILES[@]}"
+}
+
+setup() {
+    TRANSIENT_UNITS=()
+    CHILD_PIDS=()
+    TEMP_FILES=()
+    trap at_exit EXIT
+}
+
+defer_transient_cleanup() {
+    TRANSIENT_UNITS+=("$1")
+}
+
+# Apply-time and dispatch-time validation errors both surface as
+# org.varlink.service.InvalidParameter, with the offending field name in the
+# response parameters. Use --graceful to treat the expected error as success
+# so jq can assert on the dumped parameters JSON directly.
+expect_invalid_parameter() {
+    local payload="$1" field="$2"
+    varlinkctl call --graceful=org.varlink.service.InvalidParameter \
+                    "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient "$payload" \
+        | jq -e --arg f "$field" '.parameter == $f' >/dev/null
+}
+
+testcase_basic() {
+    setup
+
+    # Basic oneshot transient service
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-test.service
+    result=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-test.service","Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}')
+    echo "$result" | grep '"context"' >/dev/null
+    echo "$result" | grep '"runtime"' >/dev/null
+
+    # Wait for completion
+    timeout 30 bash -c 'until systemctl show -P ActiveState varlink-transient-test.service | grep inactive >/dev/null; do sleep 0.5; done'
+    systemctl show -P Result varlink-transient-test.service | grep success >/dev/null
+
+    # With explicit mode
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-test2.service
+    result=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-test2.service","Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}},"mode":"fail"}')
+    echo "$result" | grep '"context"' >/dev/null
+
+    # Multiple ExecStart commands (oneshot allows multiple)
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-multi.service
+    result=$(varlinkctl call --more "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-multi.service","Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"},{"path":"/bin/true"}]}},"notifyJobChanges":true}')
+    printf '%s' "$result" | jq --seq --slurp -e 'any(.[]; .job.Result == "done")' >/dev/null
+
+    # Transient service with Description and RemainAfterExit
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-desc.service
+    result=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-desc.service","Description":"Test description property","CollectMode":"inactive_or_failed","Service":{"Type":"oneshot","RemainAfterExit":true,"ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}')
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Description == "Test description property"'
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.CollectMode == "inactive_or_failed"'
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Service.Type == "oneshot"'
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Service.RemainAfterExit == true'
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Service.ExecStart[0].path == "/bin/true"'
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.runtime'
+    systemctl show -P CollectMode varlink-transient-desc.service | grep '^inactive-or-failed$' >/dev/null
+
+    # Transient service with explicit arguments
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-args.service
+    result=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-args.service","Service":{"Type":"oneshot","RemainAfterExit":true,"ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/echo","arguments":["/bin/echo","hello"]}]}}}')
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context'
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.runtime'
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Service.ExecStart[0].path == "/bin/echo"'
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Service.ExecStart[0].arguments == ["/bin/echo", "hello"]'
+    timeout 30 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-transient-args.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
+
+    # Verify that omitting arguments defaults argv[0] to the path
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-noargs.service
+    result=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-noargs.service","Service":{"Type":"oneshot","RemainAfterExit":true,"ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}')
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Service.ExecStart[0].arguments == ["/bin/true"]'
+    timeout 30 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-transient-noargs.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
+
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-bad.service
+    expect_invalid_parameter \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-bad.service","Service":{"Type":"simple"}}}' \
+        "context"
+    # Invalid ExecStart path: exercises filename_or_absolute_path_is_valid() in transient_service_apply_properties()
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-badpath.service
+    expect_invalid_parameter \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-badpath.service","Service":{"Type":"simple","ExecStart":[{"path":""}]}}}' \
+        "Service.ExecStart"
+
+    # Service field declared in the IDL but not yet settable at creation is rejected as PropertyNotSupported,
+    # and the offending sub-property is identified
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-unknown-service.service
+    unsupported_service=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-unknown-service.service","Service":{"Type":"oneshot","Restart":"always","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' 2>&1 || true)
+    echo "$unsupported_service" | grep "io.systemd.Unit.PropertyNotSupported"
+    echo "$unsupported_service" | grep "Service.Restart"
+}
+
+testcase_notifications() {
+    setup
+
+    # Streaming with notifyJobChanges: should get intermediate state updates and a final result
+    # Note: use --slurp + any() rather than 'select() -e' because in jq 1.6 (shipped on
+    # CentOS 9) -e checks only the last input record's output, so a select() that filters
+    # out the trailing record makes jq exit non-zero even when earlier records match.
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-test3.service
+    result=$(varlinkctl call --more "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-test3.service","Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}},"notifyJobChanges":true}')
+    printf '%s' "$result" | jq --seq --slurp -e 'any(.[]; .job.State == "waiting")' >/dev/null
+    printf '%s' "$result" | jq --seq --slurp -e 'any(.[]; .job.Result == "done")' >/dev/null
+
+    # Fire-and-forget: --more without notify flags should return immediately with context+runtime
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-fireforget.service
+    result=$(varlinkctl call --more "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-fireforget.service","Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}')
+    printf '%s' "$result" | jq --seq --slurp -e 'any(.[]; .context)' >/dev/null
+    printf '%s' "$result" | jq --seq --slurp -e 'any(.[]; .runtime)' >/dev/null
+
+    # Streaming with notifyUnitChanges: should get unit state change notifications
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-unitnotify.service
+    result=$(varlinkctl call --more "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-unitnotify.service","Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}},"notifyUnitChanges":true}')
+    printf '%s' "$result" | jq --seq --slurp -e 'any(.[]; .runtime.ActiveState)' >/dev/null
+
+    # Streaming with both notifyJobChanges and notifyUnitChanges
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-both.service
+    result=$(varlinkctl call --more "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-both.service","Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}},"notifyJobChanges":true,"notifyUnitChanges":true}')
+    printf '%s' "$result" | jq --seq --slurp -e 'any(.[]; .job.State)' >/dev/null
+    printf '%s' "$result" | jq --seq --slurp -e 'any(.[]; .runtime.ActiveState)' >/dev/null
+    printf '%s' "$result" | jq --seq --slurp -e 'any(.[]; .job.Result == "done")' >/dev/null
+}
+
+testcase_exec_properties() {
+    setup
+
+    # Exec.WorkingDirectory and Exec.Environment
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-exec.service
+    result=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-exec.service","Exec":{"WorkingDirectory":{"path":"/tmp","missingOK":false},"Environment":["FOO=bar","BAZ=qux"]},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","RemainAfterExit":true,"ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}')
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Exec.WorkingDirectory.path == "/tmp"'
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Exec.Environment | index("FOO=bar") != null'
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Exec.Environment | index("BAZ=qux") != null'
+    timeout 30 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-transient-exec.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
+    systemctl show -P WorkingDirectory varlink-transient-exec.service | grep '^/tmp$' >/dev/null
+    systemctl show -P Environment varlink-transient-exec.service | grep 'FOO=bar' >/dev/null
+    systemctl show -P Environment varlink-transient-exec.service | grep 'BAZ=qux' >/dev/null
+
+    # WorkingDirectory with missingOK=true (path does not exist but unit still starts)
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-wd-missing.service
+    varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-wd-missing.service","Exec":{"WorkingDirectory":{"path":"/nonexistent/path","missingOK":true}},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","RemainAfterExit":true,"ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}'
+    timeout 30 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-transient-wd-missing.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
+
+    # WorkingDirectory with home=true, missingOK omitted (defaults to false)
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-wd-home.service
+    varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-wd-home.service","Exec":{"WorkingDirectory":{"home":true}},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","RemainAfterExit":true,"ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}'
+    timeout 30 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-transient-wd-home.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
+    systemctl show -P WorkingDirectory varlink-transient-wd-home.service | grep '^~$' >/dev/null
+
+    # Exec.StandardInput/StandardOutput/StandardError enum properties and Exec.TTYPath
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-stdio.service
+    result=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-stdio.service","Exec":{"StandardInput":"null","StandardOutput":"null","StandardError":"journal","TTYPath":"/dev/tty2"},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","RemainAfterExit":true,"ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}')
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Exec.StandardInput == "null"'
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Exec.StandardOutput == "null"'
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Exec.StandardError == "journal"'
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Exec.TTYPath == "/dev/tty2"'
+    timeout 30 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-transient-stdio.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
+    systemctl show -P StandardInput varlink-transient-stdio.service | grep '^null$' >/dev/null
+    systemctl show -P StandardOutput varlink-transient-stdio.service | grep '^null$' >/dev/null
+    systemctl show -P StandardError varlink-transient-stdio.service | grep '^journal$' >/dev/null
+    systemctl show -P TTYPath varlink-transient-stdio.service | grep '^/dev/tty2$' >/dev/null
+    # "null" is also the default for StandardInput=, hence additionally verify it was written explicitly
+    fragment=$(systemctl show -P FragmentPath varlink-transient-stdio.service)
+    grep '^StandardInput=null$' "$fragment" >/dev/null
+
+    # The combined output types are spelled with a "+" in unit files, but with a "_" in the Varlink IDL (and
+    # hence in our own replies). The latter spelling must be accepted, so that replies can be fed back in.
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-stdio-combined.service
+    result=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-stdio-combined.service","Exec":{"StandardOutput":"kmsg_console","StandardError":"journal_console"},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","RemainAfterExit":true,"ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}')
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Exec.StandardOutput == "kmsg_console"'
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Exec.StandardError == "journal_console"'
+    timeout 30 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-transient-stdio-combined.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
+    systemctl show -P StandardOutput varlink-transient-stdio-combined.service | grep '^kmsg+console$' >/dev/null
+    systemctl show -P StandardError varlink-transient-stdio-combined.service | grep '^journal+console$' >/dev/null
+
+    # Exec.User, Exec.Group, Exec.SupplementaryGroups, Exec.Nice
+    # The nobody group is different on different distros so resolve here.
+    NOBODY_GROUP=$(id -gn nobody)
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-ids.service
+    ids_payload=$(jq -cn --arg g "$NOBODY_GROUP" \
+        '{context:{ID:"varlink-transient-ids.service",
+                   Exec:{User:"nobody",Group:$g,SupplementaryGroups:[$g],Nice:5},
+                   Service:{Type:"oneshot",RemainAfterExit:true,
+                            ExecStart:[{path:"/bin/true"}]}}}')
+    result=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient "$ids_payload")
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Exec.User == "nobody"'
+    echo "$result" | jq --arg g "$NOBODY_GROUP" -e '.context.Exec.Group == $g'
+    echo "$result" | jq --arg g "$NOBODY_GROUP" -e '.context.Exec.SupplementaryGroups == [$g]'
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Exec.Nice == 5'
+    timeout 30 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-transient-ids.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
+    systemctl show -P User varlink-transient-ids.service | grep '^nobody$' >/dev/null
+    systemctl show -P Group varlink-transient-ids.service | grep "^${NOBODY_GROUP}$" >/dev/null
+    systemctl show -P SupplementaryGroups varlink-transient-ids.service | grep "${NOBODY_GROUP}" >/dev/null
+    systemctl show -P Nice varlink-transient-ids.service | grep '^5$' >/dev/null
+
+    # Exec.OOMScoreAdjust, Exec.UMask, Exec.NoNewPrivileges, Exec.MemoryDenyWriteExecute
+    # (int+validator, mode_t, two tristate-bool shapes)
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-procctl.service
+    result=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-procctl.service","Exec":{"OOMScoreAdjust":250,"UMask":18,"NoNewPrivileges":true,"MemoryDenyWriteExecute":true},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","RemainAfterExit":true,"ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}')
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Exec.OOMScoreAdjust == 250'
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Exec.UMask == 18'
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Exec.NoNewPrivileges == true'
+    timeout 30 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-transient-procctl.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
+    systemctl show -P OOMScoreAdjust varlink-transient-procctl.service | grep '^250$' >/dev/null
+    systemctl show -P UMask varlink-transient-procctl.service | grep '^0022$' >/dev/null
+    systemctl show -P NoNewPrivileges varlink-transient-procctl.service | grep '^yes$' >/dev/null
+    systemctl show -P MemoryDenyWriteExecute varlink-transient-procctl.service | grep '^yes$' >/dev/null
+
+    # Exec.RootHashPath / Exec.RootHashSignaturePath: the unit-file directive must be
+    # "RootHash=" / "RootHashSignature=" (not the JSON name), otherwise the next daemon-reload
+    # would drop the setting as an unknown key.
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-roothash.service
+    varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-roothash.service","Exec":{"RootHashPath":"/etc/hostname","RootHashSignaturePath":"/etc/machine-id"},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","RemainAfterExit":true,"ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' >/dev/null
+    fragment=$(systemctl show -P FragmentPath varlink-transient-roothash.service)
+    test -n "$fragment"
+    grep '^RootHash=/etc/hostname$'          "$fragment" >/dev/null
+    grep '^RootHashSignature=/etc/machine-id$' "$fragment" >/dev/null
+
+    # Relative WorkingDirectory path is rejected
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-bad-wd.service
+    expect_invalid_parameter \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-bad-wd.service","Exec":{"WorkingDirectory":{"path":"relative/path","missingOK":false}},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' \
+        "Exec.WorkingDirectory"
+    # Malformed environment entry (not KEY=VALUE)
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-bad-env.service
+    expect_invalid_parameter \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-bad-env.service","Exec":{"Environment":["not_an_env_var"]},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' \
+        "Exec.Environment"
+    # Invalid User= name is rejected at JSON dispatch time as a parameter error
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-bad-user.service
+    expect_invalid_parameter \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-bad-user.service","Exec":{"User":"bad/user"},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' \
+        "context"
+    # Out-of-range Nice= value is rejected
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-bad-nice.service
+    expect_invalid_parameter \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-bad-nice.service","Exec":{"Nice":100},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' \
+        "Exec.Nice"
+    # Out-of-range OOMScoreAdjust= value is rejected
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-bad-oom.service
+    expect_invalid_parameter \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-bad-oom.service","Exec":{"OOMScoreAdjust":9999},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' \
+        "Exec.OOMScoreAdjust"
+    # Relative RootDirectory path is rejected
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-bad-rd.service
+    expect_invalid_parameter \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-bad-rd.service","Exec":{"RootDirectory":"relative/path"},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' \
+        "Exec.RootDirectory"
+    # Note that an unparsable enum value (e.g. StandardOutput=bogus) is rejected by the Varlink IDL
+    # validation layer before the JSON dispatch even runs, hence there's no point in testing pid1's
+    # dispatch-level enum handling here — and doing so would trip post.sh's "didn't pass validation"
+    # journal check, since the IDL layer logs about the rejection.
+    # Relative TTYPath is rejected
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-bad-ttypath.service
+    expect_invalid_parameter \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-bad-ttypath.service","Exec":{"TTYPath":"relative/tty"},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' \
+        "Exec.TTYPath"
+
+    # The file based stdio types need a companion path, and StandardInput=data a companion payload, neither of
+    # which can be passed yet, hence they are rejected
+    for t in file append truncate; do
+        defer_transient_cleanup "varlink-transient-bad-stdout-$t.service"
+        expect_invalid_parameter \
+            "{\"context\":{\"ID\":\"varlink-transient-bad-stdout-$t.service\",\"Exec\":{\"StandardOutput\":\"$t\"},\"Service\":{\"Type\":\"oneshot\",\"ExecStart\":[{\"path\":\"/bin/true\"}]}}}" \
+            "Exec.StandardOutput"
+    done
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-bad-stderr.service
+    expect_invalid_parameter \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-bad-stderr.service","Exec":{"StandardError":"file"},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' \
+        "Exec.StandardError"
+    for t in file data; do
+        defer_transient_cleanup "varlink-transient-bad-stdin-$t.service"
+        expect_invalid_parameter \
+            "{\"context\":{\"ID\":\"varlink-transient-bad-stdin-$t.service\",\"Exec\":{\"StandardInput\":\"$t\"},\"Service\":{\"Type\":\"oneshot\",\"ExecStart\":[{\"path\":\"/bin/true\"}]}}}" \
+            "Exec.StandardInput"
+    done
+
+    # Unknown field in Exec is rejected as PropertyNotSupported
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-unknown-exec.service
+    unsupported_exec=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-unknown-exec.service","Exec":{"AmbientCapabilities":["cap_net_raw"]},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' 2>&1 || true)
+    echo "$unsupported_exec" | grep "io.systemd.Unit.PropertyNotSupported"
+    echo "$unsupported_exec" | grep "Exec.AmbientCapabilities"
+}
+
+testcase_exec_sandbox() {
+    setup
+
+    # Exec sandbox scalars: enum and yes/no-string properties round-trip into the reply
+    # context (Varlink spelling), systemctl show and the transient fragment (unit-file
+    # spelling, so the next daemon-reload keeps the setting)
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-sandbox.service
+    result=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-sandbox.service","Exec":{"ProtectSystem":"strict","ProtectHome":"read_only","PrivateTmp":"disconnected","PrivateNetwork":"yes","PrivateUsers":"self"},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","RemainAfterExit":true,"ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}')
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Exec.ProtectSystem == "strict"'
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Exec.ProtectHome == "read_only"'
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Exec.PrivateTmp == "disconnected"'
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Exec.PrivateNetwork == "yes"'
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Exec.PrivateUsers == "self"'
+    timeout 30 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-transient-sandbox.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
+    systemctl show -P ProtectSystem varlink-transient-sandbox.service | grep '^strict$' >/dev/null
+    systemctl show -P ProtectHome varlink-transient-sandbox.service | grep '^read-only$' >/dev/null
+    systemctl show -P PrivateTmpEx varlink-transient-sandbox.service | grep '^disconnected$' >/dev/null
+    systemctl show -P PrivateNetwork varlink-transient-sandbox.service | grep '^yes$' >/dev/null
+    systemctl show -P PrivateUsersEx varlink-transient-sandbox.service | grep '^self$' >/dev/null
+    fragment=$(systemctl show -P FragmentPath varlink-transient-sandbox.service)
+    test -n "$fragment"
+    grep '^ProtectSystem=strict$'    "$fragment" >/dev/null
+    grep '^ProtectHome=read-only$'   "$fragment" >/dev/null
+    grep '^PrivateTmp=disconnected$' "$fragment" >/dev/null
+    grep '^PrivateNetwork=yes$'      "$fragment" >/dev/null
+    grep '^PrivateUsers=self$'       "$fragment" >/dev/null
+
+    # The sandbox is live, not just recorded: the unit only succeeds if /usr is read-only
+    # and its network namespace differs from PID 1's. Both readlinks are captured first, so
+    # an unreadable link fails the unit rather than passing it. Comparing namespaces beats
+    # listing interfaces here: the harness runs with --runtime-network=none, and the netns
+    # fallback devices come and go with the loaded modules.
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-sandbox-live.service
+    # shellcheck disable=SC2016
+    varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-sandbox-live.service","Exec":{"ProtectSystem":"strict","PrivateNetwork":"yes"},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","RemainAfterExit":true,"ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/sh","arguments":["/bin/sh","-c","p=$(readlink /proc/1/ns/net) && s=$(readlink /proc/self/ns/net) && test \"$s\" != \"$p\" && ! touch /usr/varlink-sandbox-canary"]}]}}}' >/dev/null
+    timeout 30 bash -c 'until systemctl show -P ActiveState varlink-transient-sandbox-live.service | grep -Ex "active|failed" >/dev/null; do sleep 0.5; done'
+    systemctl show -P Result varlink-transient-sandbox-live.service | grep '^success$' >/dev/null
+    test ! -e /usr/varlink-sandbox-canary
+}
+
+testcase_kill_properties() {
+    setup
+
+    # Kill.KillMode/Kill.SendSIGHUP
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-kill.service
+    result=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-kill.service","Kill":{"KillMode":"process","SendSIGHUP":true},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","RemainAfterExit":true,"ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}')
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Kill.KillMode == "process"'
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Kill.SendSIGHUP == true'
+    timeout 30 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-transient-kill.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
+    systemctl show -P KillMode varlink-transient-kill.service | grep '^process$' >/dev/null
+    systemctl show -P SendSIGHUP varlink-transient-kill.service | grep '^yes$' >/dev/null
+
+    # Same for a Kill field
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-unknown-kill.service
+    unsupported_kill=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-unknown-kill.service","Kill":{"KillSignal":"SIGINT"},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' 2>&1 || true)
+    echo "$unsupported_kill" | grep "io.systemd.Unit.PropertyNotSupported"
+    echo "$unsupported_kill" | grep "Kill.KillSignal"
+}
+
+testcase_exec_flags() {
+    setup
+
+    # shellcheck disable=SC2016
+    TEMP_FILES+=(/tmp/varlink-transient-execflags-expanded '/tmp/varlink-transient-execflags-${FLAGTEST}'
+                  /tmp/varlink-transient-execflags-shell /run/varlink-transient-execflags-{plain,privileged,nosetuid})
+
+    # ExecStart execution flags, i.e. the Varlink counterparts of the "-", ":", "|", "+" and "!" prefixes of
+    # unit file ExecStart= lines. First the ones observable from an unprivileged unit:
+    #  - ignoreFailure: a failing command does not fail the unit
+    #  - noEnvExpand: "${VAR}" in the arguments is passed as-is rather than expanded
+    #  - viaShell: the command line is handed to the user's shell via "-c" (argv[0] is normalized to "sh")
+    rm -f /tmp/varlink-transient-execflags-*
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-execflags.service
+    # shellcheck disable=SC2016
+    result=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-execflags.service","Exec":{"Environment":["FLAGTEST=expanded"]},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","RemainAfterExit":true,"ExecStart":[
+            {"path":"/bin/false","ignoreFailure":true},
+            {"path":"/usr/bin/touch","arguments":["touch","/tmp/varlink-transient-execflags-${FLAGTEST}"]},
+            {"path":"/usr/bin/touch","arguments":["touch","/tmp/varlink-transient-execflags-${FLAGTEST}"],"noEnvExpand":true},
+            {"path":"/bin/sh","arguments":["sh","touch","/tmp/varlink-transient-execflags-shell"],"viaShell":true}]}}}')
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Service.ExecStart[0].ignoreFailure == true'
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Service.ExecStart[1].noEnvExpand == false'
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Service.ExecStart[2].noEnvExpand == true'
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Service.ExecStart[3].viaShell == true'
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Service.ExecStart[3].path == "/bin/sh"'
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Service.ExecStart[3].arguments[0] == "sh"'
+    # The unit only becomes active once all ExecStart= commands succeeded (or were allowed to fail)
+    timeout 30 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-transient-execflags.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
+    test -e /tmp/varlink-transient-execflags-expanded
+    # shellcheck disable=SC2016
+    test -e '/tmp/varlink-transient-execflags-${FLAGTEST}'
+    test -e /tmp/varlink-transient-execflags-shell
+    # The flags must show up as the matching prefix characters in the transient unit file
+    fragment=$(systemctl show -P FragmentPath varlink-transient-execflags.service)
+    grep -E '^ExecStart=-"/bin/false"$' "$fragment" >/dev/null
+    grep -E '^ExecStart=:' "$fragment" >/dev/null
+    grep -E '^ExecStart=\|' "$fragment" >/dev/null
+    rm -f /tmp/varlink-transient-execflags-*
+
+    # Now the privilege related ones, in a unit running as an unprivileged user:
+    #  - privileged/noSetuid: the command runs with full privileges, i.e. can write where the user cannot
+    #  - (neither): the command runs as the user, and fails to write there (tolerated via ignoreFailure)
+    rm -f /run/varlink-transient-execflags-*
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-execflags-priv.service
+    result=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-execflags-priv.service","Exec":{"User":"nobody"},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","RemainAfterExit":true,"ExecStart":[
+            {"path":"/usr/bin/touch","arguments":["touch","/run/varlink-transient-execflags-plain"],"ignoreFailure":true},
+            {"path":"/usr/bin/touch","arguments":["touch","/run/varlink-transient-execflags-privileged"],"privileged":true},
+            {"path":"/usr/bin/touch","arguments":["touch","/run/varlink-transient-execflags-nosetuid"],"noSetuid":true}]}}}')
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Service.ExecStart[0].privileged == false'
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Service.ExecStart[1].privileged == true'
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Service.ExecStart[2].noSetuid == true'
+    timeout 30 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-transient-execflags-priv.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
+    test ! -e /run/varlink-transient-execflags-plain
+    test -e /run/varlink-transient-execflags-privileged
+    test -e /run/varlink-transient-execflags-nosetuid
+    fragment=$(systemctl show -P FragmentPath varlink-transient-execflags-priv.service)
+    grep -E '^ExecStart=\+' "$fragment" >/dev/null
+    grep -E '^ExecStart=!' "$fragment" >/dev/null
+    rm -f /run/varlink-transient-execflags-*
+
+    # The 'privileged' and 'noSetuid' execution flags are mutually exclusive
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-badflags.service
+    expect_invalid_parameter \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-badflags.service","Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true","privileged":true,"noSetuid":true}]}}}' \
+        "Service.ExecStart"
+}
+
+testcase_credentials() {
+    setup
+
+    # Exec.SetCredential: pass a credential and verify the running process can read it
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-cred.service
+    CRED_VALUE_B64=$(printf 'secret-value' | base64 -w0)
+    CRED_OUTPUT=$(mktemp)
+    TEMP_FILES+=("$CRED_OUTPUT")
+    varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
+        "{\"context\":{\"ID\":\"varlink-transient-cred.service\",\"Exec\":{\"SetCredential\":[{\"id\":\"mycred\",\"value\":\"${CRED_VALUE_B64}\"}]},\"Service\":{\"Type\":\"oneshot\",\"RemainAfterExit\":true,\"ExecStart\":[{\"path\":\"/bin/sh\",\"arguments\":[\"/bin/sh\",\"-c\",\"cat \$CREDENTIALS_DIRECTORY/mycred > ${CRED_OUTPUT}\"]}]}}}"
+    timeout 30 bash -c "until systemctl is-active varlink-transient-cred.service; do sleep 0.5; done"
+    grep '^secret-value$' "$CRED_OUTPUT" >/dev/null
+    rm -f "$CRED_OUTPUT"
+
+    # Invalid credential ID
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-bad-cred-id.service
+    expect_invalid_parameter \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-bad-cred-id.service","Exec":{"SetCredential":[{"id":"bad/id","value":"YWJj"}]},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' \
+        "Exec.SetCredential"
+    # Invalid base64 value for credential (rejected at JSON dispatch time as a parameter error)
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-bad-cred-value.service
+    expect_invalid_parameter \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-bad-cred-value.service","Exec":{"SetCredential":[{"id":"mycred","value":"!!!not_base64!!!"}]},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' \
+        "context"
+}
+
+testcase_file_descriptors() {
+    setup
+
+    # Service.Standard{Output,Error}FileDescriptor: connect passed fds (by push order)
+    # to the unit's stdout/stderr; regular files, so output can be checked after exit.
+    transient_out=$(mktemp)
+    TEMP_FILES+=("$transient_out")
+    transient_err=$(mktemp)
+    TEMP_FILES+=("$transient_err")
+    exec {transient_out_fd}>"$transient_out"
+    exec {transient_err_fd}>"$transient_err"
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-fdpass.service
+    varlinkctl --push-fd="$transient_out_fd" --push-fd="$transient_err_fd" \
+        call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-fdpass.service","Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/sh","arguments":["/bin/sh","-c","echo to-stdout; echo to-stderr >&2"]}],"StandardOutputFileDescriptor":0,"StandardErrorFileDescriptor":1}}}' >/dev/null
+    # Close our copies so the unit holds the only remaining write ends.
+    exec {transient_out_fd}>&-
+    exec {transient_err_fd}>&-
+    timeout 30 bash -c 'until systemctl show -P ActiveState varlink-transient-fdpass.service | grep inactive >/dev/null; do sleep 0.5; done'
+    systemctl show -P Result varlink-transient-fdpass.service | grep success >/dev/null
+    grep -x to-stdout "$transient_out" >/dev/null
+    grep -x to-stderr "$transient_err" >/dev/null
+    rm -f "$transient_out" "$transient_err"
+}
+
+testcase_scope() {
+    setup
+
+    # Starting a transient scope
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-scope.scope
+    sleep infinity &
+    scope_child="$!"
+    CHILD_PIDS+=("$scope_child")
+    varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
+        "{\"context\":{\"ID\":\"varlink-transient-scope.scope\",\"Scope\":{\"PIDs\":[{\"pid\":${scope_child}}],\"OOMPolicy\":\"kill\", \"TimeoutStopUSec\":12000000}}}"
+    timeout 30 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-transient-scope.scope; do sleep 0.5; done'
+    systemctl whoami "$scope_child" | grep "^varlink-transient-scope.scope$" >/dev/null
+    systemctl show -P TimeoutStopUSec varlink-transient-scope.scope | grep 12s >/dev/null
+    systemctl show -P OOMPolicy varlink-transient-scope.scope | grep kill >/dev/null
+
+    # Bad PID on a scope
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-badpid.scope
+    expect_invalid_parameter \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-badpid.scope","Scope":{"PIDs":[{"pid": 1}]}}}' \
+        "Scope.PIDs"
+}
+
+testcase_dependencies() {
+    setup
+
+    # Unit dependencies
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-deps.service
+    varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-deps.service","After":["varlink-transient-dependency.service"],"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","RemainAfterExit":true,"ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}'
+    timeout 30 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-transient-deps.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
+    systemctl show -P After varlink-transient-deps.service | grep varlink-transient-dependency.service >/dev/null
+
+    # Dependency on invalid unit (rejected at dispatch time)
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-invalid-dependency.service
+    expect_invalid_parameter \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-invalid-dependency.service","Requires":["invalid@.service"],"Service":{"ExecStart":[{"path":"/usr/bin/true"}]}}}' \
+        "context"
+
+    # Same for non-transient dependency types
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-non-transient-dependency.service
+    non_transient_dep=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-non-transient-dependency.service","Triggers":["varlink-transient-dependency.service"],"Service":{"ExecStart":[{"path":"/usr/bin/true"}]}}}' 2>&1 || true)
+    echo "$non_transient_dep" | grep "io.systemd.Unit.PropertyNotSupported"
+    echo "$non_transient_dep" | grep "Triggers"
+}
+
+testcase_cgroup() {
+    setup
+
+    # CGroup context: scalar resource-control properties round-trip into the reply
+    # context, systemctl show and the transient fragment
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-cgroup.service
+    result=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-cgroup.service","CGroup":{"CPUWeight":200,"StartupCPUWeight":150,"CPUQuotaPerSecUSec":500000,"CPUQuotaPeriodUSec":20000,"MemoryAccounting":true,"MemoryLow":8388608,"StartupMemoryLow":4194304,"MemoryHigh":33554432,"MemoryMax":67108864,"TasksAccounting":true,"TasksMax":{"value":16},"IOAccounting":true,"IOWeight":100},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","RemainAfterExit":true,"ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}')
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.CGroup.CPUWeight == 200'
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.CGroup.StartupCPUWeight == 150'
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.CGroup.CPUQuotaPerSecUSec == 500000'
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.CGroup.CPUQuotaPeriodUSec == 20000'
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.CGroup.StartupMemoryLow == 4194304'
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.CGroup.MemoryMax == 67108864'
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.CGroup.TasksMax == {"value":16,"scale":0}'
+    timeout 30 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-transient-cgroup.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
+    systemctl show -P CPUWeight varlink-transient-cgroup.service | grep -Fx 200 >/dev/null
+    systemctl show -P CPUQuotaPerSecUSec varlink-transient-cgroup.service | grep -Fx 500ms >/dev/null
+    systemctl show -P CPUQuotaPeriodUSec varlink-transient-cgroup.service | grep -Fx 20ms >/dev/null
+    systemctl show -P MemoryLow varlink-transient-cgroup.service | grep -Fx 8388608 >/dev/null
+    systemctl show -P MemoryHigh varlink-transient-cgroup.service | grep -Fx 33554432 >/dev/null
+    systemctl show -P MemoryMax varlink-transient-cgroup.service | grep -Fx 67108864 >/dev/null
+    systemctl show -P TasksMax varlink-transient-cgroup.service | grep -Fx 16 >/dev/null
+    systemctl show -P IOWeight varlink-transient-cgroup.service | grep -Fx 100 >/dev/null
+    # The fragment must use the unit-file directive spellings (CPUQuota=, not the JSON
+    # property name), otherwise the next daemon-reload would drop the setting.
+    fragment=$(systemctl show -P FragmentPath varlink-transient-cgroup.service)
+    test -n "$fragment"
+    grep -Fx 'CPUQuota=50.00%'        "$fragment" >/dev/null
+    grep -Fx 'CPUQuotaPeriodSec=20ms' "$fragment" >/dev/null
+    grep -Fx 'MemoryMax=67108864'     "$fragment" >/dev/null
+    grep -Fx 'TasksMax=16'            "$fragment" >/dev/null
+
+    # The special values are written as TasksMax=infinity, CPUWeight=idle and an empty
+    # StartupCPUWeight= (UINT64_MAX resets a weight to the default)
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-cgroup-special.service
+    varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-cgroup-special.service","CGroup":{"TasksMax":{"value":18446744073709551615},"CPUWeight":0,"StartupCPUWeight":18446744073709551615},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","RemainAfterExit":true,"ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' >/dev/null
+    timeout 30 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-transient-cgroup-special.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
+    systemctl show -P TasksMax varlink-transient-cgroup-special.service | grep -Fx infinity >/dev/null
+    fragment=$(systemctl show -P FragmentPath varlink-transient-cgroup-special.service)
+    test -n "$fragment"
+    grep -Fx 'TasksMax=infinity' "$fragment" >/dev/null
+    grep -Fx 'CPUWeight=idle'    "$fragment" >/dev/null
+    grep -Fx 'StartupCPUWeight=' "$fragment" >/dev/null
+
+    # Cgroup limits materialize on the live cgroup
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-cgroup-live.service
+    varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-cgroup-live.service","CGroup":{"MemoryMax":67108864,"TasksMax":{"value":16}},"Service":{"ExecStart":[{"path":"/usr/bin/sleep","arguments":["/usr/bin/sleep","infinity"]}]}}}' >/dev/null
+    timeout 10 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-transient-cgroup-live.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
+    cgroup_path=$(systemctl show -P ControlGroup varlink-transient-cgroup-live.service)
+    test -n "$cgroup_path"
+    grep -Fx 67108864 "/sys/fs/cgroup${cgroup_path}/memory.max" >/dev/null
+    grep -Fx 16       "/sys/fs/cgroup${cgroup_path}/pids.max" >/dev/null
+
+    # Slice= places the unit under an implicitly created slice
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-slice.service
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-test.slice
+    result=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-slice.service","CGroup":{"Slice":"varlink-test.slice"},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","RemainAfterExit":true,"ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}')
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.CGroup.Slice == "varlink-test.slice"'
+    timeout 30 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-transient-slice.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
+    systemctl show -P Slice varlink-transient-slice.service | grep -Fx varlink-test.slice >/dev/null
+
+    # Relative forms: TasksMaxScale/MemoryMaxScale (floats, 1.0 == 100%) are input only,
+    # converted internally and written to the fragment as permyriad percentages. An
+    # explicit null is treated as absent (so MemoryMax=null does not conflict with
+    # MemoryMaxScale), and a zero scale is accepted for the min-0 memory properties,
+    # as over D-Bus
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-cgroup-scale.service
+    result=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-cgroup-scale.service","CGroup":{"TasksMaxScale":0.5,"MemoryMax":null,"MemoryMaxScale":0.125,"MemoryMinScale":0.0,"TasksAccounting":null},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","RemainAfterExit":true,"ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}')
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.CGroup.TasksMax == {"value":5000,"scale":10000}'
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.CGroup.TasksMaxScale == null'
+    timeout 30 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-transient-cgroup-scale.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
+    fragment=$(systemctl show -P FragmentPath varlink-transient-cgroup-scale.service)
+    test -n "$fragment"
+    grep -Fx 'TasksMax=50.00%'  "$fragment" >/dev/null
+    grep -Fx 'MemoryMax=12.50%' "$fragment" >/dev/null
+    grep -Fx 'MemoryMin=0.00%'  "$fragment" >/dev/null
+    (! grep -F 'TasksAccounting=' "$fragment")
+
+    # A null scale member of TasksMax is absent, not a request for the relative form
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-cgroup-nullscale.service
+    result=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-cgroup-nullscale.service","CGroup":{"TasksMax":{"value":16,"scale":null}},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","RemainAfterExit":true,"ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}')
+    echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.CGroup.TasksMax == {"value":16,"scale":0}'
+
+    # Out-of-range CPUWeight= is rejected
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-bad-weight.service
+    expect_invalid_parameter \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-bad-weight.service","CGroup":{"CPUWeight":123456},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' \
+        "CGroup.CPUWeight"
+    # IOWeight=0 is rejected, only the CPU weights accept idle
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-bad-ioweight.service
+    expect_invalid_parameter \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-bad-ioweight.service","CGroup":{"IOWeight":0},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' \
+        "CGroup.IOWeight"
+    # MemoryMax=0 is rejected (minimum 1, matching the D-Bus setter)
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-bad-memmax.service
+    expect_invalid_parameter \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-bad-memmax.service","CGroup":{"MemoryMax":0},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' \
+        "CGroup.MemoryMax"
+    # The scale member of TasksMax is output only, TasksMaxScale is the input form
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-bad-taskscale-member.service
+    expect_invalid_parameter \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-bad-taskscale-member.service","CGroup":{"TasksMax":{"value":5000,"scale":10000}},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' \
+        "context"
+    # Out-of-range TasksMaxScale= (>= 100%) is rejected
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-bad-tasksscale.service
+    expect_invalid_parameter \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-bad-tasksscale.service","CGroup":{"TasksMaxScale":1.5},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' \
+        "CGroup.TasksMaxScale"
+    # Absolute and relative forms of the same limit may not be combined
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-bad-taskscombo.service
+    expect_invalid_parameter \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-bad-taskscombo.service","CGroup":{"TasksMax":{"value":16},"TasksMaxScale":0.5},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' \
+        "CGroup.TasksMaxScale"
+    # Zero MemoryMaxScale= is rejected
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-bad-memscale.service
+    expect_invalid_parameter \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-bad-memscale.service","CGroup":{"MemoryMaxScale":0.0},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' \
+        "CGroup.MemoryMaxScale"
+    # Slice= pointing at a non-slice unit is rejected
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-bad-slice.service
+    expect_invalid_parameter \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-bad-slice.service","CGroup":{"Slice":"not-a-slice.service"},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' \
+        "CGroup.Slice"
+    # CGroup field declared in the IDL but not yet settable at creation is rejected as
+    # PropertyNotSupported, and the offending sub-property is identified
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-unknown-cgroup.service
+    unsupported_cgroup=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-unknown-cgroup.service","CGroup":{"DeviceAllow":[]},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' 2>&1 || true)
+    echo "$unsupported_cgroup" | grep "io.systemd.Unit.PropertyNotSupported"
+    echo "$unsupported_cgroup" | grep "CGroup.DeviceAllow"
+}
+
+testcase_validation() {
+    setup
+
+    # Creating an already active unit must fail.
+    defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-exists.service
+    varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
+        '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-exists.service","Service":{"ExecStart":[{"path":"/usr/bin/sleep","arguments":["/usr/bin/sleep","infinity"]}]}}}'
+    timeout 10 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-transient-exists.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
+
+    # Error cases: verify specific varlink error types
+    (
+        set +o pipefail
+        varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
+            '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-exists.service","Service":{"ExecStart":[{"path":"/usr/bin/sleep","arguments":["/usr/bin/sleep","infinity"]}]}}}' |& grep "io.systemd.Unit.UnitExists"
+    )
+    (
+        set +o pipefail
+        varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
+            '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-test.target","Description":"test"}}' |& grep "io.systemd.Unit.UnitTypeNotSupported"
+    )
+
+    # Exec on a unit type without an exec context (.slice) is rejected
+    (
+        set +o pipefail
+        varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
+            '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-exec.slice","Exec":{"WorkingDirectory":{"path":"/tmp","missingOK":false}}}}' |& grep "io.systemd.Unit.UnitTypeNotSupported"
+    )
+    # Same for Kill on a unit type without a kill context
+    (
+        set +o pipefail
+        varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
+            '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-kill.slice","Kill":{"KillMode":"process"}}}' |& grep "io.systemd.Unit.UnitTypeNotSupported"
+    )
+}
+
+run_testcases
diff --git a/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.varlinkctl-unit.sh b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.varlinkctl-unit.sh
index 216c9336353..ac25e896e09 100755
--- a/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.varlinkctl-unit.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.varlinkctl-unit.sh
@@ -3,806 +3,95 @@
 set -eux
 set -o pipefail
 
-# test io.systemd.Unit
-varlinkctl info /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager
-varlinkctl introspect /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit
-varlinkctl --more call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List '{}'
-varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List '{"name": "multi-user.target"}'
-varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List '{"pid": {"pid": 1}}'
-(! varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List '{}' |& grep "called without 'more' flag" >/dev/null)
-varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List '{"name": "init.scope", "pid": {"pid": 1}}'
-(! varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List '{"name": ""}')
-(! varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List '{"name": "non-existent.service"}')
-(! varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List '{"pid": {"pid": -1}}' )
-(! varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List '{"name": "multi-user.target", "pid": {"pid": 1}}')
-set +o pipefail
-varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.SetProperties '{"runtime": true, "name": "non-existent.service", "properties": {"Markers": ["needs-restart"]}}' |& grep "io.systemd.Unit.NoSuchUnit"
-varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.SetProperties '{"runtime": true, "name": "systemd-journald.service", "properties": {"LoadState": "foobar"}}' |& grep "io.systemd.Unit.PropertyNotSupported"
-set -o pipefail
+# shellcheck source=test/units/test-control.sh
+. "$(dirname "$0")"/test-control.sh
 
-varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List '{"cgroup": "/init.scope"}'
-invocation_id="$(systemctl show -P InvocationID systemd-journald.service)"
-varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List "{\"invocationID\": \"$invocation_id\"}"
-# test for KillContext
-varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List '{"pid": {"pid": 0}}' | jq -e '.context.Kill'
-# test for AutomountContext/Runtime
-automount_id=$(varlinkctl call --collect /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List '{}' | jq -r '.[] | select(.context.Type == "automount" and .runtime.LoadState == "loaded") .context.ID // empty' | tail -n 1)
-test -n "$automount_id"
-# Use jq to JSON-encode the unit name as it may contain backslash escapes (e.g. \x2d) that
-# are not valid JSON escape sequences and would be rejected by varlinkctl's JSON parser.
-automount_params=$(jq -cn --arg name "$automount_id" '{name: $name}')
-varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List "$automount_params" | jq -e '.context.Automount'
-varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List "$automount_params" | jq -e '.runtime.Automount'
-# test for MountContext/Runtime (skip volatile run-user-*.mount to avoid GC race)
-mount_id=$(varlinkctl call --collect /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List '{}' | jq -r '.[] | select(.context.Type == "mount" and .runtime.LoadState == "loaded" and (.context.ID | startswith("run-user-") | not)) .context.ID // empty' | tail -n 1)
-test -n "$mount_id"
-mount_params=$(jq -cn --arg name "$mount_id" '{name: $name}')
-varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List "$mount_params" | jq -e '.context.Mount'
-varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List "$mount_params" | jq -e '.runtime.Mount'
-# test for PathContext/Runtime
-path_id=$(varlinkctl call --collect /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List '{}' | jq -r '.[] | select(.context.Type == "path" and .runtime.LoadState == "loaded") .context.ID // empty' | tail -n 1)
-test -n "$path_id"
-path_params=$(jq -cn --arg name "$path_id" '{name: $name}')
-varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List "$path_params" | jq -e '.context.Path'
-varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List "$path_params" | jq -e '.runtime.Path'
-# test for ServiceContext/Runtime (skip volatile user@*/user-runtime-dir@* to avoid GC race)
-service_id=$(varlinkctl call --collect /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List '{}' | jq -r '.[] | select(.context.Type == "service" and .runtime.LoadState == "loaded" and (.context.ID | test("^(user|user-runtime-dir)@") | not)) .context.ID // empty' | tail -n 1)
-test -n "$service_id"
-service_params=$(jq -cn --arg name "$service_id" '{name: $name}')
-varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List "$service_params" | jq -e '.context.Service'
-varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List "$service_params" | jq -e '.runtime.Service'
-# test for ScopeContext/Runtime (skip volatile session-*.scope to avoid GC race)
-scope_id=$(varlinkctl call --collect /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List '{}' | jq -r '.[] | select(.context.Type == "scope" and .runtime.LoadState == "loaded" and (.context.ID | startswith("session-") | not)) .context.ID // empty' | tail -n 1)
-test -n "$scope_id"
-scope_params=$(jq -cn --arg name "$scope_id" '{name: $name}')
-varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List "$scope_params" | jq -e '.context.Scope'
-varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List "$scope_params" | jq -e '.runtime.Scope'
-# test for SocketContext/Runtime
-socket_id=$(varlinkctl call --collect /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List '{}' | jq -r '.[] | select(.context.Type == "socket" and .runtime.LoadState == "loaded") .context.ID // empty' | tail -n 1)
-test -n "$socket_id"
-socket_params=$(jq -cn --arg name "$socket_id" '{name: $name}')
-varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List "$socket_params" | jq -e '.context.Socket'
-varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List "$socket_params" | jq -e '.runtime.Socket'
-# test for SwapContext/Runtime (swap units may not be present on all systems)
-swap_id=$(varlinkctl call --collect /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List '{}' | jq -r '.[] | select(.context.Type == "swap" and .runtime.LoadState == "loaded") .context.ID // empty' | tail -n 1)
-if test -n "$swap_id"; then
-    swap_params=$(jq -cn --arg name "$swap_id" '{name: $name}')
-    varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List "$swap_params" | jq -e '.context.Swap'
-    varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List "$swap_params" | jq -e '.runtime.Swap'
-fi
-# test for TimerContext/Runtime
-timer_id=$(varlinkctl call --collect /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List '{}' | jq -r '.[] | select(.context.Type == "timer" and .runtime.LoadState == "loaded") .context.ID // empty' | tail -n 1)
-test -n "$timer_id"
-timer_params=$(jq -cn --arg name "$timer_id" '{name: $name}')
-varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List "$timer_params" | jq -e '.context.Timer'
-varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List "$timer_params" | jq -e '.runtime.Timer'
-
-# test io.systemd.Unit.EnqueueJob
-
-TRANSIENT_UNITS=()
-at_exit() {
-    systemctl stop varlink-test-enqueue{,-2}.service varlink-test-slow.service 2>/dev/null || true
-    rm -f /run/systemd/system/varlink-test-enqueue{,-2}.service /run/systemd/system/varlink-test-slow.service
-    rm -f /tmp/enqueue-notifications.json
-    for u in "${TRANSIENT_UNITS[@]}"; do
-        systemctl stop "$u" 2>/dev/null || true
-        systemctl reset-failed "$u" 2>/dev/null || true
-    done
-    systemctl daemon-reload
-}
-trap at_exit EXIT
-
-for unit in varlink-test-enqueue{,-2}.service; do
-    cat >"/run/systemd/system/$unit" <<UNIT
-[Service]
-Type=oneshot
-ExecStart=true
-RemainAfterExit=yes
-UNIT
-done
-systemctl daemon-reload
-
-# Non-streaming start with an explicit job mode.
-varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.EnqueueJob '{"names": ["varlink-test-enqueue.service"], "jobType": "start", "mode": "fail"}' | jq -e '.context and .runtime and .job.Id and .job.JobType == "start"'
-timeout 10 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-test-enqueue.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
-
-# Streaming restart waits for completion.
-varlinkctl call --collect /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.EnqueueJob '{"names": ["varlink-test-enqueue.service"], "jobType": "restart", "notifyJobChanges": true}' | jq -e 'length > 1 and .[0].job.JobType == "restart" and .[-1].job.Result == "done" and .[-1].context and .[-1].runtime'
-systemctl is-active varlink-test-enqueue.service
-
-varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.EnqueueJob '{"names": ["varlink-test-enqueue.service"], "jobType": "stop"}' | jq -e '.job.JobType == "stop"'
-timeout 10 bash -c 'until systemctl show -P ActiveState varlink-test-enqueue.service | grep inactive >/dev/null; do sleep 0.5; done'
-
-# Multiple units share a transaction and receive one reply per job.
-varlinkctl call --collect /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.EnqueueJob '{"names": ["varlink-test-enqueue.service", "varlink-test-enqueue-2.service"], "jobType": "start"}' | jq -e 'length == 2 and all(.[]; .context and .runtime and .job.Id) and ([.[].job.Unit] | sort == ["varlink-test-enqueue-2.service", "varlink-test-enqueue.service"])'
-timeout 10 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-test-enqueue.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
-timeout 10 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-test-enqueue-2.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
-systemctl stop varlink-test-enqueue{,-2}.service
-
-# Multiple replies require 'more'.
-(! varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.EnqueueJob '{"names": ["varlink-test-enqueue.service", "varlink-test-enqueue-2.service"], "jobType": "start"}')
-
-# A missing unit rejects the entire transaction.
-(! varlinkctl call --more /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.EnqueueJob '{"names": ["varlink-test-enqueue.service", "non-existent.service"], "jobType": "start"}')
-(! systemctl is-active varlink-test-enqueue.service)
-
-# Notifications require 'more' and a single unit.
-(! varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.EnqueueJob '{"names": ["varlink-test-enqueue.service"], "jobType": "start", "notifyJobChanges": true}')
-(! varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.EnqueueJob '{"names": ["varlink-test-enqueue.service"], "jobType": "start", "notifyUnitChanges": true}')
-
-(! varlinkctl call --more /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.EnqueueJob '{"names": ["varlink-test-enqueue.service", "varlink-test-enqueue-2.service"], "jobType": "start", "notifyJobChanges": true}')
-
-# Error cases
-(! varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.EnqueueJob '{"names": ["invalid-unit-name"], "jobType": "start"}')
-(! varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.EnqueueJob '{"names": [], "jobType": "start"}')
-
-# Coalesced jobs must reject a second watcher.
-cat >/run/systemd/system/varlink-test-slow.service <<UNIT
-[Service]
-Type=oneshot
-ExecStart=/usr/bin/sleep infinity
-RemainAfterExit=yes
-UNIT
-systemctl daemon-reload
-
-varlinkctl call --more /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.EnqueueJob \
-    '{"names": ["varlink-test-slow.service"], "jobType": "start", "notifyJobChanges": true}' >/dev/null 2>&1 &
-watcher_pid=$!
-
-# Wait for the first watcher to attach.
-timeout 10 bash -c 'until systemctl show -P ActiveState varlink-test-slow.service | grep activating >/dev/null; do sleep 0.5; done'
-
-set +o pipefail
-varlinkctl call --more /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.EnqueueJob \
-    '{"names": ["varlink-test-slow.service"], "jobType": "start", "notifyJobChanges": true}' |& grep "io.systemd.Unit.AlreadyBeingWatched"
-set -o pipefail
-
-systemctl stop varlink-test-slow.service
-wait "$watcher_pid" 2>/dev/null || true
-
-# Completing a NOP job must preserve the regular job's unit subscription.
-varlinkctl --json=short call --more /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.EnqueueJob \
-    '{"names": ["varlink-test-slow.service"], "jobType": "start", "notifyUnitChanges": true}' >/tmp/enqueue-notifications.json &
-watcher_pid=$!
-
-timeout 10 bash -c 'until systemctl show -P ActiveState varlink-test-slow.service | grep activating >/dev/null; do sleep 0.5; done'
-
-# The pending start job keeps the stream open; each line is a unit notification.
-sleep 1
-notifications=$(wc -l </tmp/enqueue-notifications.json)
-
-# NOP uses a separate job slot and completes immediately.
-varlinkctl call --more /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.EnqueueJob \
-    '{"names": ["varlink-test-slow.service"], "jobType": "nop", "notifyJobChanges": true}' >/dev/null
-
-# NOP removal must still trigger a unit notification.
-for _ in {1..20}; do
-    [[ "$(wc -l </tmp/enqueue-notifications.json)" -gt "$notifications" ]] && break
-    sleep 0.1
-done
-[[ "$(wc -l </tmp/enqueue-notifications.json)" -gt "$notifications" ]]
-
-systemctl stop varlink-test-slow.service
-wait "$watcher_pid" 2>/dev/null || true
-
-# test io.systemd.Unit in user manager
-testuser_uid=$(id -u testuser)
-systemd-run --wait --pipe --user --machine testuser@ \
-        varlinkctl --more call "/run/user/$testuser_uid/systemd/io.systemd.Manager" io.systemd.Unit.List '{}'
-
-# Test io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient
-MANAGER_SOCKET="/run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager"
-
-defer_transient_cleanup() {
-    TRANSIENT_UNITS+=("$1")
+testcase_list() {
+    # test io.systemd.Unit
+    varlinkctl info /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager
+    varlinkctl introspect /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit
+    varlinkctl --more call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List '{}'
+    varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List '{"name": "multi-user.target"}'
+    varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List '{"pid": {"pid": 1}}'
+    (! varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List '{}' |& grep "called without 'more' flag" >/dev/null)
+    varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List '{"name": "init.scope", "pid": {"pid": 1}}'
+    (! varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List '{"name": ""}')
+    (! varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List '{"name": "non-existent.service"}')
+    (! varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List '{"pid": {"pid": -1}}' )
+    (! varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List '{"name": "multi-user.target", "pid": {"pid": 1}}')
+    varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List '{"cgroup": "/init.scope"}'
+    invocation_id="$(systemctl show -P InvocationID systemd-journald.service)"
+    varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List "{\"invocationID\": \"$invocation_id\"}"
 }
 
-# Basic oneshot transient service
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-test.service
-result=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-test.service","Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}')
-echo "$result" | grep '"context"' >/dev/null
-echo "$result" | grep '"runtime"' >/dev/null
-
-# Wait for completion
-timeout 30 bash -c 'until systemctl show -P ActiveState varlink-transient-test.service | grep inactive >/dev/null; do sleep 0.5; done'
-systemctl show -P Result varlink-transient-test.service | grep success >/dev/null
-
-# With explicit mode
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-test2.service
-result=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-test2.service","Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}},"mode":"fail"}')
-echo "$result" | grep '"context"' >/dev/null
-
-# Streaming with notifyJobChanges: should get intermediate state updates and a final result
-# Note: use --slurp + any() rather than 'select() -e' because in jq 1.6 (shipped on
-# CentOS 9) -e checks only the last input record's output, so a select() that filters
-# out the trailing record makes jq exit non-zero even when earlier records match.
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-test3.service
-result=$(varlinkctl call --more "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-test3.service","Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}},"notifyJobChanges":true}')
-printf '%s' "$result" | jq --seq --slurp -e 'any(.[]; .job.State == "waiting")' >/dev/null
-printf '%s' "$result" | jq --seq --slurp -e 'any(.[]; .job.Result == "done")' >/dev/null
-
-# Fire-and-forget: --more without notify flags should return immediately with context+runtime
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-fireforget.service
-result=$(varlinkctl call --more "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-fireforget.service","Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}')
-printf '%s' "$result" | jq --seq --slurp -e 'any(.[]; .context)' >/dev/null
-printf '%s' "$result" | jq --seq --slurp -e 'any(.[]; .runtime)' >/dev/null
-
-# Streaming with notifyUnitChanges: should get unit state change notifications
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-unitnotify.service
-result=$(varlinkctl call --more "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-unitnotify.service","Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}},"notifyUnitChanges":true}')
-printf '%s' "$result" | jq --seq --slurp -e 'any(.[]; .runtime.ActiveState)' >/dev/null
-
-# Streaming with both notifyJobChanges and notifyUnitChanges
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-both.service
-result=$(varlinkctl call --more "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-both.service","Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}},"notifyJobChanges":true,"notifyUnitChanges":true}')
-printf '%s' "$result" | jq --seq --slurp -e 'any(.[]; .job.State)' >/dev/null
-printf '%s' "$result" | jq --seq --slurp -e 'any(.[]; .runtime.ActiveState)' >/dev/null
-printf '%s' "$result" | jq --seq --slurp -e 'any(.[]; .job.Result == "done")' >/dev/null
-
-# prepare for the error case below: create a long-running service, then try to create it again while it's active
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-exists.service
-varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-exists.service","Service":{"ExecStart":[{"path":"/usr/bin/sleep","arguments":["/usr/bin/sleep","infinity"]}]}}}'
-timeout 10 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-transient-exists.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
-
-# Multiple ExecStart commands (oneshot allows multiple)
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-multi.service
-result=$(varlinkctl call --more "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-multi.service","Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"},{"path":"/bin/true"}]}},"notifyJobChanges":true}')
-printf '%s' "$result" | jq --seq --slurp -e 'any(.[]; .job.Result == "done")' >/dev/null
-
-# Transient service with Description and RemainAfterExit
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-desc.service
-result=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-desc.service","Description":"Test description property","CollectMode":"inactive_or_failed","Service":{"Type":"oneshot","RemainAfterExit":true,"ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}')
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Description == "Test description property"'
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.CollectMode == "inactive_or_failed"'
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Service.Type == "oneshot"'
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Service.RemainAfterExit == true'
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Service.ExecStart[0].path == "/bin/true"'
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.runtime'
-systemctl show -P CollectMode varlink-transient-desc.service | grep '^inactive-or-failed$' >/dev/null
-
-# Transient service with explicit arguments
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-args.service
-result=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-args.service","Service":{"Type":"oneshot","RemainAfterExit":true,"ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/echo","arguments":["/bin/echo","hello"]}]}}}')
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context'
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.runtime'
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Service.ExecStart[0].path == "/bin/echo"'
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Service.ExecStart[0].arguments == ["/bin/echo", "hello"]'
-timeout 30 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-transient-args.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
-
-# Verify that omitting arguments defaults argv[0] to the path
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-noargs.service
-result=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-noargs.service","Service":{"Type":"oneshot","RemainAfterExit":true,"ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}')
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Service.ExecStart[0].arguments == ["/bin/true"]'
-timeout 30 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-transient-noargs.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
-
-# Exec.WorkingDirectory and Exec.Environment
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-exec.service
-result=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-exec.service","Exec":{"WorkingDirectory":{"path":"/tmp","missingOK":false},"Environment":["FOO=bar","BAZ=qux"]},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","RemainAfterExit":true,"ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}')
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Exec.WorkingDirectory.path == "/tmp"'
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Exec.Environment | index("FOO=bar") != null'
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Exec.Environment | index("BAZ=qux") != null'
-timeout 30 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-transient-exec.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
-systemctl show -P WorkingDirectory varlink-transient-exec.service | grep '^/tmp$' >/dev/null
-systemctl show -P Environment varlink-transient-exec.service | grep 'FOO=bar' >/dev/null
-systemctl show -P Environment varlink-transient-exec.service | grep 'BAZ=qux' >/dev/null
-
-# WorkingDirectory with missingOK=true (path does not exist but unit still starts)
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-wd-missing.service
-varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-wd-missing.service","Exec":{"WorkingDirectory":{"path":"/nonexistent/path","missingOK":true}},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","RemainAfterExit":true,"ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}'
-timeout 30 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-transient-wd-missing.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
-
-# WorkingDirectory with home=true, missingOK omitted (defaults to false)
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-wd-home.service
-varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-wd-home.service","Exec":{"WorkingDirectory":{"home":true}},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","RemainAfterExit":true,"ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}'
-timeout 30 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-transient-wd-home.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
-systemctl show -P WorkingDirectory varlink-transient-wd-home.service | grep '^~$' >/dev/null
-
-# Exec.StandardInput/StandardOutput/StandardError enum properties and Exec.TTYPath
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-stdio.service
-result=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-stdio.service","Exec":{"StandardInput":"null","StandardOutput":"null","StandardError":"journal","TTYPath":"/dev/tty2"},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","RemainAfterExit":true,"ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}')
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Exec.StandardInput == "null"'
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Exec.StandardOutput == "null"'
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Exec.StandardError == "journal"'
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Exec.TTYPath == "/dev/tty2"'
-timeout 30 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-transient-stdio.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
-systemctl show -P StandardInput varlink-transient-stdio.service | grep '^null$' >/dev/null
-systemctl show -P StandardOutput varlink-transient-stdio.service | grep '^null$' >/dev/null
-systemctl show -P StandardError varlink-transient-stdio.service | grep '^journal$' >/dev/null
-systemctl show -P TTYPath varlink-transient-stdio.service | grep '^/dev/tty2$' >/dev/null
-# "null" is also the default for StandardInput=, hence additionally verify it was written explicitly
-fragment=$(systemctl show -P FragmentPath varlink-transient-stdio.service)
-grep '^StandardInput=null$' "$fragment" >/dev/null
-
-# The combined output types are spelled with a "+" in unit files, but with a "_" in the Varlink IDL (and
-# hence in our own replies). The latter spelling must be accepted, so that replies can be fed back in.
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-stdio-combined.service
-result=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-stdio-combined.service","Exec":{"StandardOutput":"kmsg_console","StandardError":"journal_console"},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","RemainAfterExit":true,"ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}')
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Exec.StandardOutput == "kmsg_console"'
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Exec.StandardError == "journal_console"'
-timeout 30 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-transient-stdio-combined.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
-systemctl show -P StandardOutput varlink-transient-stdio-combined.service | grep '^kmsg+console$' >/dev/null
-systemctl show -P StandardError varlink-transient-stdio-combined.service | grep '^journal+console$' >/dev/null
-
-# Kill.KillMode/Kill.SendSIGHUP
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-kill.service
-result=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-kill.service","Kill":{"KillMode":"process","SendSIGHUP":true},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","RemainAfterExit":true,"ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}')
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Kill.KillMode == "process"'
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Kill.SendSIGHUP == true'
-timeout 30 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-transient-kill.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
-systemctl show -P KillMode varlink-transient-kill.service | grep '^process$' >/dev/null
-systemctl show -P SendSIGHUP varlink-transient-kill.service | grep '^yes$' >/dev/null
-
-# ExecStart execution flags, i.e. the Varlink counterparts of the "-", ":", "|", "+" and "!" prefixes of
-# unit file ExecStart= lines. First the ones observable from an unprivileged unit:
-#  - ignoreFailure: a failing command does not fail the unit
-#  - noEnvExpand: "${VAR}" in the arguments is passed as-is rather than expanded
-#  - viaShell: the command line is handed to the user's shell via "-c" (argv[0] is normalized to "sh")
-rm -f /tmp/varlink-transient-execflags-*
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-execflags.service
-# shellcheck disable=SC2016
-result=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-execflags.service","Exec":{"Environment":["FLAGTEST=expanded"]},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","RemainAfterExit":true,"ExecStart":[
-        {"path":"/bin/false","ignoreFailure":true},
-        {"path":"/usr/bin/touch","arguments":["touch","/tmp/varlink-transient-execflags-${FLAGTEST}"]},
-        {"path":"/usr/bin/touch","arguments":["touch","/tmp/varlink-transient-execflags-${FLAGTEST}"],"noEnvExpand":true},
-        {"path":"/bin/sh","arguments":["sh","touch","/tmp/varlink-transient-execflags-shell"],"viaShell":true}]}}}')
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Service.ExecStart[0].ignoreFailure == true'
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Service.ExecStart[1].noEnvExpand == false'
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Service.ExecStart[2].noEnvExpand == true'
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Service.ExecStart[3].viaShell == true'
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Service.ExecStart[3].path == "/bin/sh"'
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Service.ExecStart[3].arguments[0] == "sh"'
-# The unit only becomes active once all ExecStart= commands succeeded (or were allowed to fail)
-timeout 30 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-transient-execflags.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
-test -e /tmp/varlink-transient-execflags-expanded
-# shellcheck disable=SC2016
-test -e '/tmp/varlink-transient-execflags-${FLAGTEST}'
-test -e /tmp/varlink-transient-execflags-shell
-# The flags must show up as the matching prefix characters in the transient unit file
-fragment=$(systemctl show -P FragmentPath varlink-transient-execflags.service)
-grep -E '^ExecStart=-"/bin/false"$' "$fragment" >/dev/null
-grep -E '^ExecStart=:' "$fragment" >/dev/null
-grep -E '^ExecStart=\|' "$fragment" >/dev/null
-rm -f /tmp/varlink-transient-execflags-*
-
-# Now the privilege related ones, in a unit running as an unprivileged user:
-#  - privileged/noSetuid: the command runs with full privileges, i.e. can write where the user cannot
-#  - (neither): the command runs as the user, and fails to write there (tolerated via ignoreFailure)
-rm -f /run/varlink-transient-execflags-*
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-execflags-priv.service
-result=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-execflags-priv.service","Exec":{"User":"nobody"},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","RemainAfterExit":true,"ExecStart":[
-        {"path":"/usr/bin/touch","arguments":["touch","/run/varlink-transient-execflags-plain"],"ignoreFailure":true},
-        {"path":"/usr/bin/touch","arguments":["touch","/run/varlink-transient-execflags-privileged"],"privileged":true},
-        {"path":"/usr/bin/touch","arguments":["touch","/run/varlink-transient-execflags-nosetuid"],"noSetuid":true}]}}}')
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Service.ExecStart[0].privileged == false'
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Service.ExecStart[1].privileged == true'
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Service.ExecStart[2].noSetuid == true'
-timeout 30 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-transient-execflags-priv.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
-test ! -e /run/varlink-transient-execflags-plain
-test -e /run/varlink-transient-execflags-privileged
-test -e /run/varlink-transient-execflags-nosetuid
-fragment=$(systemctl show -P FragmentPath varlink-transient-execflags-priv.service)
-grep -E '^ExecStart=\+' "$fragment" >/dev/null
-grep -E '^ExecStart=!' "$fragment" >/dev/null
-rm -f /run/varlink-transient-execflags-*
-
-# Exec.SetCredential: pass a credential and verify the running process can read it
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-cred.service
-CRED_VALUE_B64=$(printf 'secret-value' | base64 -w0)
-CRED_OUTPUT=$(mktemp)
-varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
-    "{\"context\":{\"ID\":\"varlink-transient-cred.service\",\"Exec\":{\"SetCredential\":[{\"id\":\"mycred\",\"value\":\"${CRED_VALUE_B64}\"}]},\"Service\":{\"Type\":\"oneshot\",\"RemainAfterExit\":true,\"ExecStart\":[{\"path\":\"/bin/sh\",\"arguments\":[\"/bin/sh\",\"-c\",\"cat \$CREDENTIALS_DIRECTORY/mycred > ${CRED_OUTPUT}\"]}]}}}"
-timeout 30 bash -c "until systemctl is-active varlink-transient-cred.service; do sleep 0.5; done"
-grep '^secret-value$' "$CRED_OUTPUT" >/dev/null
-rm -f "$CRED_OUTPUT"
-
-# Exec.User, Exec.Group, Exec.SupplementaryGroups, Exec.Nice
-# The nobody group is different on different distros so resolve here.
-NOBODY_GROUP=$(id -gn nobody)
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-ids.service
-ids_payload=$(jq -cn --arg g "$NOBODY_GROUP" \
-    '{context:{ID:"varlink-transient-ids.service",
-               Exec:{User:"nobody",Group:$g,SupplementaryGroups:[$g],Nice:5},
-               Service:{Type:"oneshot",RemainAfterExit:true,
-                        ExecStart:[{path:"/bin/true"}]}}}')
-result=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient "$ids_payload")
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Exec.User == "nobody"'
-echo "$result" | jq --arg g "$NOBODY_GROUP" -e '.context.Exec.Group == $g'
-echo "$result" | jq --arg g "$NOBODY_GROUP" -e '.context.Exec.SupplementaryGroups == [$g]'
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Exec.Nice == 5'
-timeout 30 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-transient-ids.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
-systemctl show -P User varlink-transient-ids.service | grep '^nobody$' >/dev/null
-systemctl show -P Group varlink-transient-ids.service | grep "^${NOBODY_GROUP}$" >/dev/null
-systemctl show -P SupplementaryGroups varlink-transient-ids.service | grep "${NOBODY_GROUP}" >/dev/null
-systemctl show -P Nice varlink-transient-ids.service | grep '^5$' >/dev/null
-
-# Exec.OOMScoreAdjust, Exec.UMask, Exec.NoNewPrivileges, Exec.MemoryDenyWriteExecute
-# (int+validator, mode_t, two tristate-bool shapes)
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-procctl.service
-result=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-procctl.service","Exec":{"OOMScoreAdjust":250,"UMask":18,"NoNewPrivileges":true,"MemoryDenyWriteExecute":true},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","RemainAfterExit":true,"ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}')
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Exec.OOMScoreAdjust == 250'
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Exec.UMask == 18'
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Exec.NoNewPrivileges == true'
-timeout 30 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-transient-procctl.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
-systemctl show -P OOMScoreAdjust varlink-transient-procctl.service | grep '^250$' >/dev/null
-systemctl show -P UMask varlink-transient-procctl.service | grep '^0022$' >/dev/null
-systemctl show -P NoNewPrivileges varlink-transient-procctl.service | grep '^yes$' >/dev/null
-systemctl show -P MemoryDenyWriteExecute varlink-transient-procctl.service | grep '^yes$' >/dev/null
-
-# Exec.RootHashPath / Exec.RootHashSignaturePath: the unit-file directive must be
-# "RootHash=" / "RootHashSignature=" (not the JSON name), otherwise the next daemon-reload
-# would drop the setting as an unknown key.
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-roothash.service
-varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-roothash.service","Exec":{"RootHashPath":"/etc/hostname","RootHashSignaturePath":"/etc/machine-id"},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","RemainAfterExit":true,"ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' >/dev/null
-fragment=$(systemctl show -P FragmentPath varlink-transient-roothash.service)
-test -n "$fragment"
-grep '^RootHash=/etc/hostname$'          "$fragment" >/dev/null
-grep '^RootHashSignature=/etc/machine-id$' "$fragment" >/dev/null
-
-# Service.Standard{Output,Error}FileDescriptor: connect passed fds (by push order)
-# to the unit's stdout/stderr; regular files, so output can be checked after exit.
-transient_out=$(mktemp)
-transient_err=$(mktemp)
-exec {transient_out_fd}>"$transient_out"
-exec {transient_err_fd}>"$transient_err"
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-fdpass.service
-varlinkctl --push-fd="$transient_out_fd" --push-fd="$transient_err_fd" \
-    call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-fdpass.service","Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/sh","arguments":["/bin/sh","-c","echo to-stdout; echo to-stderr >&2"]}],"StandardOutputFileDescriptor":0,"StandardErrorFileDescriptor":1}}}' >/dev/null
-# Close our copies so the unit holds the only remaining write ends.
-exec {transient_out_fd}>&-
-exec {transient_err_fd}>&-
-timeout 30 bash -c 'until systemctl show -P ActiveState varlink-transient-fdpass.service | grep inactive >/dev/null; do sleep 0.5; done'
-systemctl show -P Result varlink-transient-fdpass.service | grep success >/dev/null
-grep -x to-stdout "$transient_out" >/dev/null
-grep -x to-stderr "$transient_err" >/dev/null
-rm -f "$transient_out" "$transient_err"
-
-# Starting a transient scope
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-scope.scope
-sleep infinity &
-scope_child="$!"
-varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
-    "{\"context\":{\"ID\":\"varlink-transient-scope.scope\",\"Scope\":{\"PIDs\":[{\"pid\":${scope_child}}],\"OOMPolicy\":\"kill\", \"TimeoutStopUSec\":12000000}}}"
-timeout 30 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-transient-scope.scope; do sleep 0.5; done'
-systemctl whoami "$scope_child" | grep "^varlink-transient-scope.scope$" >/dev/null
-systemctl show -P TimeoutStopUSec varlink-transient-scope.scope | grep 12s >/dev/null
-systemctl show -P OOMPolicy varlink-transient-scope.scope | grep kill >/dev/null
-
-# Unit dependencies
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-deps.service
-varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-deps.service","After":["varlink-transient-test.service"],"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","RemainAfterExit":true,"ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}'
-timeout 30 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-transient-deps.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
-systemctl show -P After varlink-transient-deps.service | grep varlink-transient-test.service >/dev/null
-
-# CGroup context: scalar resource-control properties round-trip into the reply
-# context, systemctl show and the transient fragment
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-cgroup.service
-result=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-cgroup.service","CGroup":{"CPUWeight":200,"StartupCPUWeight":150,"CPUQuotaPerSecUSec":500000,"CPUQuotaPeriodUSec":20000,"MemoryAccounting":true,"MemoryLow":8388608,"StartupMemoryLow":4194304,"MemoryHigh":33554432,"MemoryMax":67108864,"TasksAccounting":true,"TasksMax":{"value":16},"IOAccounting":true,"IOWeight":100},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","RemainAfterExit":true,"ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}')
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.CGroup.CPUWeight == 200'
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.CGroup.StartupCPUWeight == 150'
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.CGroup.CPUQuotaPerSecUSec == 500000'
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.CGroup.CPUQuotaPeriodUSec == 20000'
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.CGroup.StartupMemoryLow == 4194304'
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.CGroup.MemoryMax == 67108864'
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.CGroup.TasksMax == {"value":16,"scale":0}'
-timeout 30 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-transient-cgroup.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
-systemctl show -P CPUWeight varlink-transient-cgroup.service | grep -Fx 200 >/dev/null
-systemctl show -P CPUQuotaPerSecUSec varlink-transient-cgroup.service | grep -Fx 500ms >/dev/null
-systemctl show -P CPUQuotaPeriodUSec varlink-transient-cgroup.service | grep -Fx 20ms >/dev/null
-systemctl show -P MemoryLow varlink-transient-cgroup.service | grep -Fx 8388608 >/dev/null
-systemctl show -P MemoryHigh varlink-transient-cgroup.service | grep -Fx 33554432 >/dev/null
-systemctl show -P MemoryMax varlink-transient-cgroup.service | grep -Fx 67108864 >/dev/null
-systemctl show -P TasksMax varlink-transient-cgroup.service | grep -Fx 16 >/dev/null
-systemctl show -P IOWeight varlink-transient-cgroup.service | grep -Fx 100 >/dev/null
-# The fragment must use the unit-file directive spellings (CPUQuota=, not the JSON
-# property name), otherwise the next daemon-reload would drop the setting.
-fragment=$(systemctl show -P FragmentPath varlink-transient-cgroup.service)
-test -n "$fragment"
-grep -Fx 'CPUQuota=50.00%'        "$fragment" >/dev/null
-grep -Fx 'CPUQuotaPeriodSec=20ms' "$fragment" >/dev/null
-grep -Fx 'MemoryMax=67108864'     "$fragment" >/dev/null
-grep -Fx 'TasksMax=16'            "$fragment" >/dev/null
-
-# The special values are written as TasksMax=infinity, CPUWeight=idle and an empty
-# StartupCPUWeight= (UINT64_MAX resets a weight to the default)
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-cgroup-special.service
-varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-cgroup-special.service","CGroup":{"TasksMax":{"value":18446744073709551615},"CPUWeight":0,"StartupCPUWeight":18446744073709551615},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","RemainAfterExit":true,"ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' >/dev/null
-timeout 30 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-transient-cgroup-special.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
-systemctl show -P TasksMax varlink-transient-cgroup-special.service | grep -Fx infinity >/dev/null
-fragment=$(systemctl show -P FragmentPath varlink-transient-cgroup-special.service)
-test -n "$fragment"
-grep -Fx 'TasksMax=infinity' "$fragment" >/dev/null
-grep -Fx 'CPUWeight=idle'    "$fragment" >/dev/null
-grep -Fx 'StartupCPUWeight=' "$fragment" >/dev/null
-
-# Cgroup limits materialize on the live cgroup
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-cgroup-live.service
-varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-cgroup-live.service","CGroup":{"MemoryMax":67108864,"TasksMax":{"value":16}},"Service":{"ExecStart":[{"path":"/usr/bin/sleep","arguments":["/usr/bin/sleep","infinity"]}]}}}' >/dev/null
-timeout 10 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-transient-cgroup-live.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
-cgroup_path=$(systemctl show -P ControlGroup varlink-transient-cgroup-live.service)
-test -n "$cgroup_path"
-grep -Fx 67108864 "/sys/fs/cgroup${cgroup_path}/memory.max" >/dev/null
-grep -Fx 16       "/sys/fs/cgroup${cgroup_path}/pids.max" >/dev/null
-
-# Slice= places the unit under an implicitly created slice
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-slice.service
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-test.slice
-result=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-slice.service","CGroup":{"Slice":"varlink-test.slice"},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","RemainAfterExit":true,"ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}')
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.CGroup.Slice == "varlink-test.slice"'
-timeout 30 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-transient-slice.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
-systemctl show -P Slice varlink-transient-slice.service | grep -Fx varlink-test.slice >/dev/null
-
-# Exec sandbox scalars: enum and yes/no-string properties round-trip into the reply
-# context (Varlink spelling), systemctl show and the transient fragment (unit-file
-# spelling, so the next daemon-reload keeps the setting)
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-sandbox.service
-result=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-sandbox.service","Exec":{"ProtectSystem":"strict","ProtectHome":"read_only","PrivateTmp":"disconnected","PrivateNetwork":"yes","PrivateUsers":"self"},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","RemainAfterExit":true,"ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}')
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Exec.ProtectSystem == "strict"'
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Exec.ProtectHome == "read_only"'
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Exec.PrivateTmp == "disconnected"'
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Exec.PrivateNetwork == "yes"'
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.Exec.PrivateUsers == "self"'
-timeout 30 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-transient-sandbox.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
-systemctl show -P ProtectSystem varlink-transient-sandbox.service | grep '^strict$' >/dev/null
-systemctl show -P ProtectHome varlink-transient-sandbox.service | grep '^read-only$' >/dev/null
-systemctl show -P PrivateTmpEx varlink-transient-sandbox.service | grep '^disconnected$' >/dev/null
-systemctl show -P PrivateNetwork varlink-transient-sandbox.service | grep '^yes$' >/dev/null
-systemctl show -P PrivateUsersEx varlink-transient-sandbox.service | grep '^self$' >/dev/null
-fragment=$(systemctl show -P FragmentPath varlink-transient-sandbox.service)
-test -n "$fragment"
-grep '^ProtectSystem=strict$'    "$fragment" >/dev/null
-grep '^ProtectHome=read-only$'   "$fragment" >/dev/null
-grep '^PrivateTmp=disconnected$' "$fragment" >/dev/null
-grep '^PrivateNetwork=yes$'      "$fragment" >/dev/null
-grep '^PrivateUsers=self$'       "$fragment" >/dev/null
-
-# The sandbox is live, not just recorded: the unit only succeeds if /usr is read-only
-# and its network namespace differs from PID 1's. Both readlinks are captured first, so
-# an unreadable link fails the unit rather than passing it. Comparing namespaces beats
-# listing interfaces here: the harness runs with --runtime-network=none, and the netns
-# fallback devices come and go with the loaded modules.
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-sandbox-live.service
-# shellcheck disable=SC2016
-varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-sandbox-live.service","Exec":{"ProtectSystem":"strict","PrivateNetwork":"yes"},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","RemainAfterExit":true,"ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/sh","arguments":["/bin/sh","-c","p=$(readlink /proc/1/ns/net) && s=$(readlink /proc/self/ns/net) && test \"$s\" != \"$p\" && ! touch /usr/varlink-sandbox-canary"]}]}}}' >/dev/null
-timeout 30 bash -c 'until systemctl show -P ActiveState varlink-transient-sandbox-live.service | grep -Ex "active|failed" >/dev/null; do sleep 0.5; done'
-systemctl show -P Result varlink-transient-sandbox-live.service | grep '^success$' >/dev/null
-test ! -e /usr/varlink-sandbox-canary
-
-# Relative forms: TasksMaxScale/MemoryMaxScale (floats, 1.0 == 100%) are input only,
-# converted internally and written to the fragment as permyriad percentages. An
-# explicit null is treated as absent (so MemoryMax=null does not conflict with
-# MemoryMaxScale), and a zero scale is accepted for the min-0 memory properties,
-# as over D-Bus
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-cgroup-scale.service
-result=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-cgroup-scale.service","CGroup":{"TasksMaxScale":0.5,"MemoryMax":null,"MemoryMaxScale":0.125,"MemoryMinScale":0.0,"TasksAccounting":null},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","RemainAfterExit":true,"ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}')
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.CGroup.TasksMax == {"value":5000,"scale":10000}'
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.CGroup.TasksMaxScale == null'
-timeout 30 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active varlink-transient-cgroup-scale.service; do sleep 0.5; done'
-fragment=$(systemctl show -P FragmentPath varlink-transient-cgroup-scale.service)
-test -n "$fragment"
-grep -Fx 'TasksMax=50.00%'  "$fragment" >/dev/null
-grep -Fx 'MemoryMax=12.50%' "$fragment" >/dev/null
-grep -Fx 'MemoryMin=0.00%'  "$fragment" >/dev/null
-(! grep -F 'TasksAccounting=' "$fragment")
-
-# A null scale member of TasksMax is absent, not a request for the relative form
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-cgroup-nullscale.service
-result=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-cgroup-nullscale.service","CGroup":{"TasksMax":{"value":16,"scale":null}},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","RemainAfterExit":true,"ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}')
-echo "$result" | jq -e '.context.CGroup.TasksMax == {"value":16,"scale":0}'
-
-# Error cases: verify specific varlink error types
-set +o pipefail
-varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-exists.service","Service":{"ExecStart":[{"path":"/usr/bin/sleep","arguments":["/usr/bin/sleep","infinity"]}]}}}' |& grep "io.systemd.Unit.UnitExists"
-varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-test.target","Description":"test"}}' |& grep "io.systemd.Unit.UnitTypeNotSupported"
-# Apply-time and dispatch-time validation errors both surface as
-# org.varlink.service.InvalidParameter, with the offending field name in the
-# response parameters. Use --graceful to treat the expected error as success
-# so jq can assert on the dumped parameters JSON directly.
-expect_invalid_parameter() {
-    local payload="$1" field="$2"
-    varlinkctl call --graceful=org.varlink.service.InvalidParameter \
-                    "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient "$payload" \
-        | jq -e --arg f "$field" '.parameter == $f' >/dev/null
+testcase_set_properties() {
+    set +o pipefail
+    varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.SetProperties '{"runtime": true, "name": "non-existent.service", "properties": {"Markers": ["needs-restart"]}}' |& grep "io.systemd.Unit.NoSuchUnit"
+    varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.SetProperties '{"runtime": true, "name": "systemd-journald.service", "properties": {"LoadState": "foobar"}}' |& grep "io.systemd.Unit.PropertyNotSupported"
+    set -o pipefail
 }
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-bad.service
-expect_invalid_parameter \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-bad.service","Service":{"Type":"simple"}}}' \
-    "context"
-# Invalid ExecStart path: exercises filename_or_absolute_path_is_valid() in transient_service_apply_properties()
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-badpath.service
-expect_invalid_parameter \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-badpath.service","Service":{"Type":"simple","ExecStart":[{"path":""}]}}}' \
-    "Service.ExecStart"
-# The 'privileged' and 'noSetuid' execution flags are mutually exclusive
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-badflags.service
-expect_invalid_parameter \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-badflags.service","Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true","privileged":true,"noSetuid":true}]}}}' \
-    "Service.ExecStart"
-# Relative WorkingDirectory path is rejected
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-bad-wd.service
-expect_invalid_parameter \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-bad-wd.service","Exec":{"WorkingDirectory":{"path":"relative/path","missingOK":false}},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' \
-    "Exec.WorkingDirectory"
-# Malformed environment entry (not KEY=VALUE)
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-bad-env.service
-expect_invalid_parameter \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-bad-env.service","Exec":{"Environment":["not_an_env_var"]},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' \
-    "Exec.Environment"
-# Invalid User= name is rejected at JSON dispatch time as a parameter error
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-bad-user.service
-expect_invalid_parameter \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-bad-user.service","Exec":{"User":"bad/user"},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' \
-    "context"
-# Out-of-range Nice= value is rejected
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-bad-nice.service
-expect_invalid_parameter \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-bad-nice.service","Exec":{"Nice":100},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' \
-    "Exec.Nice"
-# Out-of-range OOMScoreAdjust= value is rejected
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-bad-oom.service
-expect_invalid_parameter \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-bad-oom.service","Exec":{"OOMScoreAdjust":9999},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' \
-    "Exec.OOMScoreAdjust"
-# Relative RootDirectory path is rejected
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-bad-rd.service
-expect_invalid_parameter \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-bad-rd.service","Exec":{"RootDirectory":"relative/path"},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' \
-    "Exec.RootDirectory"
-# Note that an unparsable enum value (e.g. StandardOutput=bogus) is rejected by the Varlink IDL
-# validation layer before the JSON dispatch even runs, hence there's no point in testing pid1's
-# dispatch-level enum handling here — and doing so would trip post.sh's "didn't pass validation"
-# journal check, since the IDL layer logs about the rejection.
-# Relative TTYPath is rejected
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-bad-ttypath.service
-expect_invalid_parameter \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-bad-ttypath.service","Exec":{"TTYPath":"relative/tty"},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' \
-    "Exec.TTYPath"
-# The file based stdio types need a companion path, and StandardInput=data a companion payload, neither of
-# which can be passed yet, hence they are rejected
-for t in file append truncate; do
-    defer_transient_cleanup "varlink-transient-bad-stdout-$t.service"
-    expect_invalid_parameter \
-        "{\"context\":{\"ID\":\"varlink-transient-bad-stdout-$t.service\",\"Exec\":{\"StandardOutput\":\"$t\"},\"Service\":{\"Type\":\"oneshot\",\"ExecStart\":[{\"path\":\"/bin/true\"}]}}}" \
-        "Exec.StandardOutput"
-done
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-bad-stderr.service
-expect_invalid_parameter \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-bad-stderr.service","Exec":{"StandardError":"file"},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' \
-    "Exec.StandardError"
-for t in file data; do
-    defer_transient_cleanup "varlink-transient-bad-stdin-$t.service"
-    expect_invalid_parameter \
-        "{\"context\":{\"ID\":\"varlink-transient-bad-stdin-$t.service\",\"Exec\":{\"StandardInput\":\"$t\"},\"Service\":{\"Type\":\"oneshot\",\"ExecStart\":[{\"path\":\"/bin/true\"}]}}}" \
-        "Exec.StandardInput"
-done
-# Invalid credential ID
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-bad-cred-id.service
-expect_invalid_parameter \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-bad-cred-id.service","Exec":{"SetCredential":[{"id":"bad/id","value":"YWJj"}]},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' \
-    "Exec.SetCredential"
-# Invalid base64 value for credential (rejected at JSON dispatch time as a parameter error)
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-bad-cred-value.service
-expect_invalid_parameter \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-bad-cred-value.service","Exec":{"SetCredential":[{"id":"mycred","value":"!!!not_base64!!!"}]},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' \
-    "context"
-# Bad PID on a scope
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-badpid.scope
-expect_invalid_parameter \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-badpid.scope","Scope":{"PIDs":[{"pid": 1}]}}}' \
-    "Scope.PIDs"
-# Dependency on invalid unit (rejected at dispatch time)
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-invalid-dependency.service
-expect_invalid_parameter \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-invalid-dependency.service","Requires":["invalid@.service"],"Service":{"ExecStart":[{"path":"/usr/bin/true"}]}}}' \
-    "context"
-# Exec on a unit type without an exec context (.slice) is rejected
-varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-exec.slice","Exec":{"WorkingDirectory":{"path":"/tmp","missingOK":false}}}}' |& grep "io.systemd.Unit.UnitTypeNotSupported"
-# Same for Kill on a unit type without a kill context
-varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-kill.slice","Kill":{"KillMode":"process"}}}' |& grep "io.systemd.Unit.UnitTypeNotSupported"
-# Unknown field in Exec is rejected as PropertyNotSupported
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-unknown-exec.service
-unsupported_exec=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-unknown-exec.service","Exec":{"AmbientCapabilities":["cap_net_raw"]},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' 2>&1 || true)
-echo "$unsupported_exec" | grep "io.systemd.Unit.PropertyNotSupported"
-echo "$unsupported_exec" | grep "Exec.AmbientCapabilities"
-# Service field declared in the IDL but not yet settable at creation is rejected as PropertyNotSupported,
-# and the offending sub-property is identified
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-unknown-service.service
-unsupported_service=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-unknown-service.service","Service":{"Type":"oneshot","Restart":"always","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' 2>&1 || true)
-echo "$unsupported_service" | grep "io.systemd.Unit.PropertyNotSupported"
-echo "$unsupported_service" | grep "Service.Restart"
-# Same for a Kill field
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-unknown-kill.service
-unsupported_kill=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-unknown-kill.service","Kill":{"KillSignal":"SIGINT"},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' 2>&1 || true)
-echo "$unsupported_kill" | grep "io.systemd.Unit.PropertyNotSupported"
-echo "$unsupported_kill" | grep "Kill.KillSignal"
-# Same for non-transient dependency types
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-non-transient-dependency.service
-non_transient_dep=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-non-transient-dependency.service","Triggers":["varlink-transient-exists.service"],"Service":{"ExecStart":[{"path":"/usr/bin/true"}]}}}' 2>&1 || true)
-echo "$non_transient_dep" | grep "io.systemd.Unit.PropertyNotSupported"
-echo "$non_transient_dep" | grep "Triggers"
-# Out-of-range CPUWeight= is rejected
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-bad-weight.service
-expect_invalid_parameter \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-bad-weight.service","CGroup":{"CPUWeight":123456},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' \
-    "CGroup.CPUWeight"
-# IOWeight=0 is rejected, only the CPU weights accept idle
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-bad-ioweight.service
-expect_invalid_parameter \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-bad-ioweight.service","CGroup":{"IOWeight":0},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' \
-    "CGroup.IOWeight"
-# MemoryMax=0 is rejected (minimum 1, matching the D-Bus setter)
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-bad-memmax.service
-expect_invalid_parameter \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-bad-memmax.service","CGroup":{"MemoryMax":0},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' \
-    "CGroup.MemoryMax"
-# The scale member of TasksMax is output only, TasksMaxScale is the input form
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-bad-taskscale-member.service
-expect_invalid_parameter \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-bad-taskscale-member.service","CGroup":{"TasksMax":{"value":5000,"scale":10000}},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' \
-    "context"
-# Out-of-range TasksMaxScale= (>= 100%) is rejected
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-bad-tasksscale.service
-expect_invalid_parameter \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-bad-tasksscale.service","CGroup":{"TasksMaxScale":1.5},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' \
-    "CGroup.TasksMaxScale"
-# Absolute and relative forms of the same limit may not be combined
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-bad-taskscombo.service
-expect_invalid_parameter \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-bad-taskscombo.service","CGroup":{"TasksMax":{"value":16},"TasksMaxScale":0.5},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' \
-    "CGroup.TasksMaxScale"
-# Zero MemoryMaxScale= is rejected
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-bad-memscale.service
-expect_invalid_parameter \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-bad-memscale.service","CGroup":{"MemoryMaxScale":0.0},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' \
-    "CGroup.MemoryMaxScale"
-# Slice= pointing at a non-slice unit is rejected
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-bad-slice.service
-expect_invalid_parameter \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-bad-slice.service","CGroup":{"Slice":"not-a-slice.service"},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' \
-    "CGroup.Slice"
-# CGroup field declared in the IDL but not yet settable at creation is rejected as
-# PropertyNotSupported, and the offending sub-property is identified
-defer_transient_cleanup varlink-transient-unknown-cgroup.service
-unsupported_cgroup=$(varlinkctl call "$MANAGER_SOCKET" io.systemd.Unit.StartTransient \
-    '{"context":{"ID":"varlink-transient-unknown-cgroup.service","CGroup":{"DeviceAllow":[]},"Service":{"Type":"oneshot","ExecStart":[{"path":"/bin/true"}]}}}' 2>&1 || true)
-echo "$unsupported_cgroup" | grep "io.systemd.Unit.PropertyNotSupported"
-echo "$unsupported_cgroup" | grep "CGroup.DeviceAllow"
-set -o pipefail
+
+testcase_contexts() {
+    # test for KillContext
+    varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List '{"pid": {"pid": 0}}' | jq -e '.context.Kill'
+    # test for AutomountContext/Runtime
+    automount_id=$(varlinkctl call --collect /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List '{}' | jq -r '.[] | select(.context.Type == "automount" and .runtime.LoadState == "loaded") .context.ID // empty' | tail -n 1)
+    test -n "$automount_id"
+    # Use jq to JSON-encode the unit name as it may contain backslash escapes (e.g. \x2d) that
+    # are not valid JSON escape sequences and would be rejected by varlinkctl's JSON parser.
+    automount_params=$(jq -cn --arg name "$automount_id" '{name: $name}')
+    varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List "$automount_params" | jq -e '.context.Automount'
+    varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List "$automount_params" | jq -e '.runtime.Automount'
+    # test for MountContext/Runtime (skip volatile run-user-*.mount to avoid GC race)
+    mount_id=$(varlinkctl call --collect /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List '{}' | jq -r '.[] | select(.context.Type == "mount" and .runtime.LoadState == "loaded" and (.context.ID | startswith("run-user-") | not)) .context.ID // empty' | tail -n 1)
+    test -n "$mount_id"
+    mount_params=$(jq -cn --arg name "$mount_id" '{name: $name}')
+    varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List "$mount_params" | jq -e '.context.Mount'
+    varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List "$mount_params" | jq -e '.runtime.Mount'
+    # test for PathContext/Runtime
+    path_id=$(varlinkctl call --collect /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List '{}' | jq -r '.[] | select(.context.Type == "path" and .runtime.LoadState == "loaded") .context.ID // empty' | tail -n 1)
+    test -n "$path_id"
+    path_params=$(jq -cn --arg name "$path_id" '{name: $name}')
+    varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List "$path_params" | jq -e '.context.Path'
+    varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List "$path_params" | jq -e '.runtime.Path'
+    # test for ServiceContext/Runtime (skip volatile user@*/user-runtime-dir@* to avoid GC race)
+    service_id=$(varlinkctl call --collect /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List '{}' | jq -r '.[] | select(.context.Type == "service" and .runtime.LoadState == "loaded" and (.context.ID | test("^(user|user-runtime-dir)@") | not)) .context.ID // empty' | tail -n 1)
+    test -n "$service_id"
+    service_params=$(jq -cn --arg name "$service_id" '{name: $name}')
+    varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List "$service_params" | jq -e '.context.Service'
+    varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List "$service_params" | jq -e '.runtime.Service'
+    # test for ScopeContext/Runtime (skip volatile session-*.scope to avoid GC race)
+    scope_id=$(varlinkctl call --collect /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List '{}' | jq -r '.[] | select(.context.Type == "scope" and .runtime.LoadState == "loaded" and (.context.ID | startswith("session-") | not)) .context.ID // empty' | tail -n 1)
+    test -n "$scope_id"
+    scope_params=$(jq -cn --arg name "$scope_id" '{name: $name}')
+    varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List "$scope_params" | jq -e '.context.Scope'
+    varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List "$scope_params" | jq -e '.runtime.Scope'
+    # test for SocketContext/Runtime
+    socket_id=$(varlinkctl call --collect /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List '{}' | jq -r '.[] | select(.context.Type == "socket" and .runtime.LoadState == "loaded") .context.ID // empty' | tail -n 1)
+    test -n "$socket_id"
+    socket_params=$(jq -cn --arg name "$socket_id" '{name: $name}')
+    varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List "$socket_params" | jq -e '.context.Socket'
+    varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List "$socket_params" | jq -e '.runtime.Socket'
+    # test for SwapContext/Runtime (swap units may not be present on all systems)
+    swap_id=$(varlinkctl call --collect /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List '{}' | jq -r '.[] | select(.context.Type == "swap" and .runtime.LoadState == "loaded") .context.ID // empty' | tail -n 1)
+    if test -n "$swap_id"; then
+        swap_params=$(jq -cn --arg name "$swap_id" '{name: $name}')
+        varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List "$swap_params" | jq -e '.context.Swap'
+        varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List "$swap_params" | jq -e '.runtime.Swap'
+    fi
+    # test for TimerContext/Runtime
+    timer_id=$(varlinkctl call --collect /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List '{}' | jq -r '.[] | select(.context.Type == "timer" and .runtime.LoadState == "loaded") .context.ID // empty' | tail -n 1)
+    test -n "$timer_id"
+    timer_params=$(jq -cn --arg name "$timer_id" '{name: $name}')
+    varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List "$timer_params" | jq -e '.context.Timer'
+    varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Manager io.systemd.Unit.List "$timer_params" | jq -e '.runtime.Timer'
+}
+
+testcase_user_manager() {
+    # test io.systemd.Unit in user manager
+    testuser_uid=$(id -u testuser)
+    systemd-run --wait --pipe --user --machine testuser@ \
+            varlinkctl --more call "/run/user/$testuser_uid/systemd/io.systemd.Manager" io.systemd.Unit.List '{}'
+}
+
+run_testcases