diff --git a/extensions/memory-core/src/memory/manager-db.ts b/extensions/memory-core/src/memory/manager-db.ts
index 5dde475bcc0a..26ffbc6f583f 100644
--- a/extensions/memory-core/src/memory/manager-db.ts
+++ b/extensions/memory-core/src/memory/manager-db.ts
@@ -127,11 +127,10 @@ export function cleanupAgedMemoryReindexTempFiles(dbPath: string, nowMs = Date.n
 function openConfiguredMemoryDatabaseAtPath(dbPath: string, allowExtension: boolean): DatabaseSync {
   const { DatabaseSync } = requireNodeSqlite();
   const db = new DatabaseSync(dbPath, { allowExtension });
-  configureMemorySqliteWalMaintenance(db, { databasePath: dbPath });
-  // busy_timeout is per-connection and resets to 0 on restart.
-  // Set it on every open so concurrent processes retry instead of
-  // failing immediately with SQLITE_BUSY.
-  db.exec("PRAGMA busy_timeout = 5000");
+  configureMemorySqliteWalMaintenance(db, {
+    busyTimeoutMs: 5000,
+    databasePath: dbPath,
+  });
   return db;
 }
 
diff --git a/packages/memory-host-sdk/src/host/openclaw-runtime-io.ts b/packages/memory-host-sdk/src/host/openclaw-runtime-io.ts
index ed77fde5f9e7..0af4568e8b53 100644
--- a/packages/memory-host-sdk/src/host/openclaw-runtime-io.ts
+++ b/packages/memory-host-sdk/src/host/openclaw-runtime-io.ts
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ export {
   DEFAULT_SQLITE_WAL_CHECKPOINT_INTERVAL_MS,
   DEFAULT_SQLITE_WAL_TRUNCATE_INTERVAL_MS,
   applyWindowsSpawnProgramPolicy,
+  configureSqliteConnectionPragmas,
   configureSqliteWalMaintenance,
   root,
   createSubsystemLogger,
@@ -31,6 +32,7 @@ export type {
   ProcessWarning,
   ResolveWindowsSpawnProgramCandidateParams,
   ResolveWindowsSpawnProgramParams,
+  SqliteConnectionPragmaOptions,
   SqliteWalMaintenance,
   SqliteWalMaintenanceOptions,
   WindowsSpawnCandidateResolution,
diff --git a/packages/memory-host-sdk/src/host/openclaw-runtime.ts b/packages/memory-host-sdk/src/host/openclaw-runtime.ts
index 1082f0d01fca..e06f940581d6 100644
--- a/packages/memory-host-sdk/src/host/openclaw-runtime.ts
+++ b/packages/memory-host-sdk/src/host/openclaw-runtime.ts
@@ -82,9 +82,11 @@ export {
   DEFAULT_SQLITE_WAL_AUTOCHECKPOINT_PAGES,
   DEFAULT_SQLITE_WAL_CHECKPOINT_INTERVAL_MS,
   DEFAULT_SQLITE_WAL_TRUNCATE_INTERVAL_MS,
+  configureSqliteConnectionPragmas,
   configureSqliteWalMaintenance,
 } from "../../../../src/infra/sqlite-wal.js";
 export type {
+  SqliteConnectionPragmaOptions,
   SqliteWalMaintenance,
   SqliteWalMaintenanceOptions,
 } from "../../../../src/infra/sqlite-wal.js";
diff --git a/packages/memory-host-sdk/src/host/sqlite-wal.ts b/packages/memory-host-sdk/src/host/sqlite-wal.ts
index 7e0a7c771e1f..1f7ae0c58a6e 100644
--- a/packages/memory-host-sdk/src/host/sqlite-wal.ts
+++ b/packages/memory-host-sdk/src/host/sqlite-wal.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,11 @@ export {
   DEFAULT_SQLITE_WAL_AUTOCHECKPOINT_PAGES,
   DEFAULT_SQLITE_WAL_CHECKPOINT_INTERVAL_MS,
   DEFAULT_SQLITE_WAL_TRUNCATE_INTERVAL_MS,
+  configureSqliteConnectionPragmas,
   configureSqliteWalMaintenance,
 } from "./openclaw-runtime-io.js";
-export type { SqliteWalMaintenance, SqliteWalMaintenanceOptions } from "./openclaw-runtime-io.js";
+export type {
+  SqliteConnectionPragmaOptions,
+  SqliteWalMaintenance,
+  SqliteWalMaintenanceOptions,
+} from "./openclaw-runtime-io.js";
diff --git a/packages/memory-host-sdk/src/host/sqlite.ts b/packages/memory-host-sdk/src/host/sqlite.ts
index 5f28d4d10b70..51ac25134dd0 100644
--- a/packages/memory-host-sdk/src/host/sqlite.ts
+++ b/packages/memory-host-sdk/src/host/sqlite.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,9 @@ import { createRequire } from "node:module";
 import type { DatabaseSync } from "node:sqlite";
 import { formatErrorMessage } from "./error-utils.js";
 import {
+  configureSqliteConnectionPragmas,
   configureSqliteWalMaintenance,
+  type SqliteConnectionPragmaOptions,
   type SqliteWalMaintenance,
   type SqliteWalMaintenanceOptions,
 } from "./sqlite-wal.js";
@@ -29,13 +31,16 @@ export function requireNodeSqlite(): typeof import("node:sqlite") {
 
 export function configureMemorySqliteWalMaintenance(
   db: DatabaseSync,
-  options?: SqliteWalMaintenanceOptions,
+  options?: SqliteWalMaintenanceOptions & Pick<SqliteConnectionPragmaOptions, "busyTimeoutMs">,
 ): SqliteWalMaintenance {
   const existing = sqliteWalMaintenanceByDb.get(db);
   if (existing) {
     return existing;
   }
-  const maintenance = configureSqliteWalMaintenance(db, options);
+  const maintenance =
+    options?.busyTimeoutMs === undefined
+      ? configureSqliteWalMaintenance(db, options)
+      : configureSqliteConnectionPragmas(db, options);
   sqliteWalMaintenanceByDb.set(db, maintenance);
   return maintenance;
 }
diff --git a/src/infra/sqlite-wal.test.ts b/src/infra/sqlite-wal.test.ts
index 684aeaa41606..c70f857f21a7 100644
--- a/src/infra/sqlite-wal.test.ts
+++ b/src/infra/sqlite-wal.test.ts
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
 import { MAX_TIMER_TIMEOUT_MS } from "../shared/number-coercion.js";
 import {
   DEFAULT_SQLITE_WAL_AUTOCHECKPOINT_PAGES,
+  configureSqliteConnectionPragmas,
   configureSqliteWalMaintenance,
 } from "./sqlite-wal.js";
 
@@ -225,4 +226,45 @@ describe("sqlite WAL maintenance", () => {
     expect(maintenance.checkpoint()).toBe(false);
     expect(onCheckpointError).toHaveBeenCalledWith(error);
   });
+
+  it("configures connection pragmas before WAL maintenance", () => {
+    const db = createMockDb();
+
+    configureSqliteConnectionPragmas(db, {
+      busyTimeoutMs: 30_000,
+      checkpointIntervalMs: 0,
+      foreignKeys: true,
+      synchronous: "NORMAL",
+    });
+
+    expect(db["exec"]).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(1, "PRAGMA busy_timeout = 30000;");
+    expect(db["exec"]).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(2, "PRAGMA journal_mode = WAL;");
+    expect(db["exec"]).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(
+      3,
+      `PRAGMA wal_autocheckpoint = ${DEFAULT_SQLITE_WAL_AUTOCHECKPOINT_PAGES};`,
+    );
+    expect(db["exec"]).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(4, "PRAGMA synchronous = NORMAL;");
+    expect(db["exec"]).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(5, "PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON;");
+  });
+
+  it("sets busy timeout before rollback journaling on NFS-backed volumes", () => {
+    const tempDir = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), "openclaw-sqlite-nfs-"));
+    try {
+      const db = createMockDb();
+      vi.spyOn(fs, "statfsSync").mockReturnValue(statfsFixture(0x6969));
+
+      configureSqliteConnectionPragmas(db, {
+        busyTimeoutMs: 5000,
+        checkpointIntervalMs: 0,
+        databasePath: path.join(tempDir, "openclaw.sqlite"),
+        synchronous: "NORMAL",
+      });
+
+      expect(db["exec"]).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(1, "PRAGMA busy_timeout = 5000;");
+      expect(db["prepare"]).toHaveBeenCalledWith("PRAGMA journal_mode = DELETE;");
+      expect(db["exec"]).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(2, "PRAGMA synchronous = NORMAL;");
+    } finally {
+      fs.rmSync(tempDir, { recursive: true, force: true });
+    }
+  });
 });
diff --git a/src/infra/sqlite-wal.ts b/src/infra/sqlite-wal.ts
index ebd81c6a58ca..0d2662deae31 100644
--- a/src/infra/sqlite-wal.ts
+++ b/src/infra/sqlite-wal.ts
@@ -38,6 +38,12 @@ export type SqliteWalMaintenanceOptions = {
   onCheckpointError?: (error: unknown) => void;
 };
 
+export type SqliteConnectionPragmaOptions = SqliteWalMaintenanceOptions & {
+  busyTimeoutMs?: number;
+  foreignKeys?: boolean;
+  synchronous?: "NORMAL";
+};
+
 function normalizeNonNegativeInteger(value: number, label: string): number {
   if (!Number.isInteger(value) || value < 0) {
     throw new Error(`${label} must be a non-negative integer`);
@@ -236,3 +242,24 @@ export function configureSqliteWalMaintenance(
     },
   };
 }
+
+/** Configure per-connection SQLite pragmas in the safe lock-retry/WAL order. */
+export function configureSqliteConnectionPragmas(
+  db: DatabaseSync,
+  options: SqliteConnectionPragmaOptions = {},
+): SqliteWalMaintenance {
+  const { busyTimeoutMs, foreignKeys, synchronous, ...walOptions } = options;
+  if (busyTimeoutMs !== undefined) {
+    db.exec(
+      `PRAGMA busy_timeout = ${normalizeNonNegativeInteger(busyTimeoutMs, "busyTimeoutMs")};`,
+    );
+  }
+  const maintenance = configureSqliteWalMaintenance(db, walOptions);
+  if (synchronous) {
+    db.exec(`PRAGMA synchronous = ${synchronous};`);
+  }
+  if (foreignKeys) {
+    db.exec("PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON;");
+  }
+  return maintenance;
+}
diff --git a/src/proxy-capture/store.sqlite.ts b/src/proxy-capture/store.sqlite.ts
index b84392a0c378..002146c08333 100644
--- a/src/proxy-capture/store.sqlite.ts
+++ b/src/proxy-capture/store.sqlite.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,10 @@ import type { DatabaseSync } from "node:sqlite";
 import { normalizeNullableString as normalizeObservedValue } from "@openclaw/normalization-core/string-coerce";
 import { normalizeUniqueStringEntries } from "@openclaw/normalization-core/string-normalization";
 import { requireNodeSqlite } from "../infra/node-sqlite.js";
-import { configureSqliteWalMaintenance, type SqliteWalMaintenance } from "../infra/sqlite-wal.js";
+import {
+  configureSqliteConnectionPragmas,
+  type SqliteWalMaintenance,
+} from "../infra/sqlite-wal.js";
 import { readCaptureBlobText, writeCaptureBlob } from "./blob-store.js";
 import type {
   CaptureBlobRecord,
@@ -33,11 +36,11 @@ function openDatabase(dbPath: string): OpenedDatabase {
   ensureParentDir(dbPath);
   const { DatabaseSync } = requireNodeSqlite();
   const db = new DatabaseSync(dbPath);
-  const walMaintenance = configureSqliteWalMaintenance(db, {
+  const walMaintenance = configureSqliteConnectionPragmas(db, {
+    busyTimeoutMs: 5000,
     databaseLabel: "debug-proxy-capture",
     databasePath: dbPath,
   });
-  db.exec("PRAGMA busy_timeout = 5000");
   db.exec(`
     CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS capture_sessions (
       id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
diff --git a/src/state/openclaw-agent-db.paths.ts b/src/state/openclaw-agent-db.paths.ts
index 53e4d8e41134..638434edb499 100644
--- a/src/state/openclaw-agent-db.paths.ts
+++ b/src/state/openclaw-agent-db.paths.ts
@@ -19,15 +19,15 @@ export type OpenClawAgentSqlitePathOptions = {
 /** Resolve the SQLite file for one normalized agent id. */
 export function resolveOpenClawAgentSqlitePath(options: OpenClawAgentSqlitePathOptions): string {
   const agentId = normalizeAgentId(options.agentId);
-  return (
+  return path.resolve(
     options.path ??
-    path.join(
-      path.dirname(resolveOpenClawStateSqliteDir(options.env ?? process.env)),
-      "agents",
-      agentId,
-      "agent",
-      "openclaw-agent.sqlite",
-    )
+      path.join(
+        path.dirname(resolveOpenClawStateSqliteDir(options.env ?? process.env)),
+        "agents",
+        agentId,
+        "agent",
+        "openclaw-agent.sqlite",
+      ),
   );
 }
 
diff --git a/src/state/openclaw-agent-db.test.ts b/src/state/openclaw-agent-db.test.ts
index 95590e6b7aec..4c5f333ee372 100644
--- a/src/state/openclaw-agent-db.test.ts
+++ b/src/state/openclaw-agent-db.test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 // OpenClaw agent database tests cover agent-scoped DB storage and migrations.
+import { execFileSync } from "node:child_process";
 import fs from "node:fs";
 import os from "node:os";
 import path from "node:path";
@@ -154,6 +155,82 @@ describe("openclaw agent database", () => {
     ).toThrow(/run openclaw doctor --fix/);
   });
 
+  it("keys explicit relative paths by resolved database pathname", () => {
+    const agentModuleUrl = new URL("./openclaw-agent-db.ts", import.meta.url).href;
+    const stateModuleUrl = new URL("./openclaw-state-db.ts", import.meta.url).href;
+    const output = execFileSync(
+      process.execPath,
+      [
+        "--import",
+        "tsx",
+        "--input-type=module",
+        "-e",
+        `
+          import fs from "node:fs";
+          import os from "node:os";
+          import path from "node:path";
+          import {
+            closeOpenClawAgentDatabasesForTest,
+            listOpenClawRegisteredAgentDatabases,
+            openOpenClawAgentDatabase,
+          } from ${JSON.stringify(agentModuleUrl)};
+          import { closeOpenClawStateDatabaseForTest } from ${JSON.stringify(stateModuleUrl)};
+
+          const stateDir = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), "openclaw-agent-db-state-"));
+          const env = { OPENCLAW_STATE_DIR: stateDir };
+          const root = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), "openclaw-agent-db-relative-"));
+          const firstDir = path.join(root, "first");
+          const secondDir = path.join(root, "second");
+          fs.mkdirSync(firstDir);
+          fs.mkdirSync(secondDir);
+          const previousCwd = process.cwd();
+          try {
+            process.chdir(firstDir);
+            const first = openOpenClawAgentDatabase({
+              agentId: "worker-1",
+              env,
+              path: "agent.sqlite",
+            });
+
+            process.chdir(secondDir);
+            const second = openOpenClawAgentDatabase({
+              agentId: "worker-1",
+              env,
+              path: "agent.sqlite",
+            });
+
+            console.log(JSON.stringify({
+              sameHandle: first === second,
+              firstFileExists: fs.existsSync(path.join(firstDir, "agent.sqlite")),
+              secondFileExists: fs.existsSync(path.join(secondDir, "agent.sqlite")),
+              registeredPaths: listOpenClawRegisteredAgentDatabases({ env })
+                .filter((entry) => entry.agentId === "worker-1")
+                .map((entry) => entry.path),
+              expectedPaths: [first.path, second.path].toSorted(),
+            }));
+          } finally {
+            process.chdir(previousCwd);
+            closeOpenClawAgentDatabasesForTest();
+            closeOpenClawStateDatabaseForTest();
+          }
+        `,
+      ],
+      { encoding: "utf8" },
+    );
+    const result = JSON.parse(output) as {
+      expectedPaths: string[];
+      firstFileExists: boolean;
+      registeredPaths: string[];
+      sameHandle: boolean;
+      secondFileExists: boolean;
+    };
+
+    expect(result.sameHandle).toBe(false);
+    expect(result.firstFileExists).toBe(true);
+    expect(result.secondFileExists).toBe(true);
+    expect(result.registeredPaths).toEqual(result.expectedPaths);
+  });
+
   it("rejects sharing one explicit database path across agent ids", () => {
     const stateDir = createTempStateDir();
     const env = { OPENCLAW_STATE_DIR: stateDir };
diff --git a/src/state/openclaw-agent-db.ts b/src/state/openclaw-agent-db.ts
index a5e8058e29fe..868e4f299645 100644
--- a/src/state/openclaw-agent-db.ts
+++ b/src/state/openclaw-agent-db.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,10 @@ import {
 } from "../infra/kysely-sync.js";
 import { requireNodeSqlite } from "../infra/node-sqlite.js";
 import { runSqliteImmediateTransactionSync } from "../infra/sqlite-transaction.js";
-import { configureSqliteWalMaintenance, type SqliteWalMaintenance } from "../infra/sqlite-wal.js";
+import {
+  configureSqliteConnectionPragmas,
+  type SqliteWalMaintenance,
+} from "../infra/sqlite-wal.js";
 import { normalizeAgentId } from "../routing/session-key.js";
 import type { DB as OpenClawAgentKyselyDatabase } from "./openclaw-agent-db.generated.js";
 import { resolveOpenClawAgentSqlitePath } from "./openclaw-agent-db.paths.js";
@@ -265,13 +268,13 @@ export function openOpenClawAgentDatabase(
   ensureOpenClawAgentDatabasePermissions(pathname, databaseOptions);
   const sqlite = requireNodeSqlite();
   const db = new sqlite.DatabaseSync(pathname);
-  const walMaintenance = configureSqliteWalMaintenance(db, {
+  const walMaintenance = configureSqliteConnectionPragmas(db, {
+    busyTimeoutMs: OPENCLAW_SQLITE_BUSY_TIMEOUT_MS,
     databaseLabel: `openclaw-agent:${agentId}`,
     databasePath: pathname,
+    foreignKeys: true,
+    synchronous: "NORMAL",
   });
-  db.exec("PRAGMA synchronous = NORMAL;");
-  db.exec(`PRAGMA busy_timeout = ${OPENCLAW_SQLITE_BUSY_TIMEOUT_MS};`);
-  db.exec("PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON;");
   try {
     ensureAgentSchema(db, agentId, pathname);
   } catch (err) {
diff --git a/src/state/openclaw-state-db.test.ts b/src/state/openclaw-state-db.test.ts
index 08048291da62..3f5cc7f9bf10 100644
--- a/src/state/openclaw-state-db.test.ts
+++ b/src/state/openclaw-state-db.test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 // OpenClaw state database tests cover state DB migrations and persistence.
+import { execFileSync } from "node:child_process";
 import fs from "node:fs";
 import os from "node:os";
 import path from "node:path";
@@ -406,6 +407,77 @@ describe("openclaw state database", () => {
     expect(readSqliteNumberPragma(first.db, "user_version")).toBe(1);
   });
 
+  it("keys explicit relative paths by resolved database pathname", () => {
+    const moduleUrl = new URL("./openclaw-state-db.ts", import.meta.url).href;
+    const output = execFileSync(
+      process.execPath,
+      [
+        "--import",
+        "tsx",
+        "--input-type=module",
+        "-e",
+        `
+          import fs from "node:fs";
+          import os from "node:os";
+          import path from "node:path";
+          import {
+            closeOpenClawStateDatabaseForTest,
+            openOpenClawStateDatabase,
+          } from ${JSON.stringify(moduleUrl)};
+
+          const root = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), "openclaw-state-db-relative-"));
+          const firstDir = path.join(root, "first");
+          const secondDir = path.join(root, "second");
+          fs.mkdirSync(firstDir);
+          fs.mkdirSync(secondDir);
+          const previousCwd = process.cwd();
+          try {
+            process.chdir(firstDir);
+            const firstPath = path.resolve("state.sqlite");
+            const first = openOpenClawStateDatabase({ path: "state.sqlite" });
+            first.db
+              .prepare("INSERT INTO diagnostic_events (scope, event_key, payload_json, created_at) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)")
+              .run("relative-path", "first", "{}", 1);
+
+            process.chdir(secondDir);
+            const secondPath = path.resolve("state.sqlite");
+            const second = openOpenClawStateDatabase({ path: "state.sqlite" });
+            second.db
+              .prepare("INSERT INTO diagnostic_events (scope, event_key, payload_json, created_at) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)")
+              .run("relative-path", "second", "{}", 2);
+
+            console.log(JSON.stringify({
+              sameHandle: first === second,
+              firstPath,
+              secondPath,
+              firstFileExists: fs.existsSync(path.join(firstDir, "state.sqlite")),
+              secondFileExists: fs.existsSync(path.join(secondDir, "state.sqlite")),
+              firstRows: first.db.prepare("SELECT event_key FROM diagnostic_events WHERE scope = ?").all("relative-path"),
+              secondRows: second.db.prepare("SELECT event_key FROM diagnostic_events WHERE scope = ?").all("relative-path"),
+            }));
+          } finally {
+            process.chdir(previousCwd);
+            closeOpenClawStateDatabaseForTest();
+          }
+        `,
+      ],
+      { encoding: "utf8" },
+    );
+    const result = JSON.parse(output) as {
+      firstFileExists: boolean;
+      firstRows: Array<{ event_key: string }>;
+      sameHandle: boolean;
+      secondFileExists: boolean;
+      secondRows: Array<{ event_key: string }>;
+    };
+
+    expect(result.sameHandle).toBe(false);
+    expect(result.firstFileExists).toBe(true);
+    expect(result.secondFileExists).toBe(true);
+    expect(result.firstRows).toEqual([{ event_key: "first" }]);
+    expect(result.secondRows).toEqual([{ event_key: "second" }]);
+  });
+
   it("uses savepoints for nested write transaction rollback", () => {
     const stateDir = createTempStateDir();
     const options = { env: { OPENCLAW_STATE_DIR: stateDir } };
diff --git a/src/state/openclaw-state-db.ts b/src/state/openclaw-state-db.ts
index 3847ab30aad7..b7269dc068f2 100644
--- a/src/state/openclaw-state-db.ts
+++ b/src/state/openclaw-state-db.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,10 @@ import {
 } from "../infra/kysely-sync.js";
 import { requireNodeSqlite } from "../infra/node-sqlite.js";
 import { runSqliteImmediateTransactionSync } from "../infra/sqlite-transaction.js";
-import { configureSqliteWalMaintenance, type SqliteWalMaintenance } from "../infra/sqlite-wal.js";
+import {
+  configureSqliteConnectionPragmas,
+  type SqliteWalMaintenance,
+} from "../infra/sqlite-wal.js";
 import { createSubsystemLogger } from "../logging/subsystem.js";
 import type { DB as OpenClawStateKyselyDatabase } from "./openclaw-state-db.generated.js";
 import {
@@ -892,7 +895,7 @@ function ensureSchema(db: DatabaseSync, pathname: string): void {
 }
 
 function resolveDatabasePath(options: OpenClawStateDatabaseOptions = {}): string {
-  return options.path ?? resolveOpenClawStateSqlitePath(options.env ?? process.env);
+  return path.resolve(options.path ?? resolveOpenClawStateSqlitePath(options.env ?? process.env));
 }
 
 /** Open or return a cached shared state database after schema and migration checks. */
@@ -915,13 +918,13 @@ export function openOpenClawStateDatabase(
   ensureOpenClawStatePermissions(pathname, env);
   const sqlite = requireNodeSqlite();
   const db = new sqlite.DatabaseSync(pathname);
-  const walMaintenance = configureSqliteWalMaintenance(db, {
+  const walMaintenance = configureSqliteConnectionPragmas(db, {
+    busyTimeoutMs: OPENCLAW_SQLITE_BUSY_TIMEOUT_MS,
     databaseLabel: "openclaw-state",
     databasePath: pathname,
+    foreignKeys: true,
+    synchronous: "NORMAL",
   });
-  db.exec("PRAGMA synchronous = NORMAL;");
-  db.exec(`PRAGMA busy_timeout = ${OPENCLAW_SQLITE_BUSY_TIMEOUT_MS};`);
-  db.exec("PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON;");
   try {
     ensureSchema(db, pathname);
   } catch (err) {